<p>The former USA Post Office-Meriden Main, also known as Meriden Main Post Office, is located at 89 Colony Street in Meriden, Connecticut. Built in 1907 and extended in 1932, it is a striking local example of Beaux Arts architecture. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It no longer houses the city&#39;s main post office, which is at 190 Center Street.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Meridens former post office is located on the east side of Colony Street on the northern fringe of downtown Meriden, at the southeast corner of Brooks Street. It is a two-story masonry structure, with a steel frame set on a granite foundation, with walls finished in rusticated and dressed limestone, The main facade is three bays wide, with a projecting center bay housing the entrance, flanked by tall fluted Corinthian columns. Windows on two levels are articulated by quoin blocks, and the entrance has an elaborate cornice with medallion. The building is crowned by a modillioned cornice and stone parapet. The interior lobby space features terrazzo marble flooring and heavy woodwork, with walls adorned by murals depicting Meridens historic cites.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the building was authorized by Congress in 1907, and the building was completed in 1909 to a design by James Knox Taylor. In 1932 a sympathetic addition was made to the rear by James Wetmore. The building is a striking local example of Beaux Arts architecture, and one of the city&#39;s finest architectural landmarks. It was vacant at the time of its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office-Milford Main, also known as Milford Main Post Office, is a historic post office building at 6 West River Street in Milford, Connecticut. It is a red brick building, trimmed with limestone, that was designed by James A. Wetmore and completed in 1931. It is a fine local example of Classical Revival design, making a significant contribution to a cluster of civic buildings around a triangular park north of Milford&#39;s commercial district. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Milfords main post office occupies a prominent position, facing west toward the citys triangular green on West River Street. The single-story building is a rectangular structure, with a frame of steel and concrete which is faced in red brick and trimmed in limestone. It is covered by a shallow hip roof, which is obscured by a brick parapet above a limestone cornice. The main facade is five bays wide, with the three in the center projecting slightly. The outermost bays have large sash windows, while the outer ones of the projection are topped by half-round windows and have sidelights. The entry is in the center, also topped by a half-rond window, with the doorway framed by round columns and a modest entablature.</p><br>
<p>The post office was designed in 1929 and completed in 1931. Its design is similar to a period post office in Newburyport, Massachusetts, but it is not known if a local architect was involved in its design. Its design was affected by the terms of the 1926 Public Buildings Act, which dictated economic use of materials and harmonization with surrounding structures, which in this case would have included Milford City Hall (completed in 1919 at the north end of the green), but not the adjacent neoclassical state courthouse (not completed until 1936).</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office-Naugatuck Main, also known as Naugatuck Main Post Office, is a historic former post office building at Church and Cedar Streets in Naugatuck, Connecticut. Designed in 1915 and completed the following year, it is one of the most architecturally sophisticated post office buildings in the state. It is set among a cluster of civic buildings designed by McKim, Meade & White. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. Naugatuck&#39;s current post office is located at 170 Water Street.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Naugatuck&#39;s former main post office is located north of the town green, at the southeast corner of Church and Cedar Streets. It is a single-story masonry structure, its original main block finished in buff brick trimmed with terra cotta and marble, and covered by a hipped red tile roof. A later 20th-century addition extends to its rear; it has a frame of steel and concrete, but is finished with similar materials and covered by a flat roof. The main facade is dominated by five large round-arch openings, with the four outer ones housing windows that flank the main entrance in the center bay. A frieze dotted with terra cotta and marble inlays extends below the bracketed cornice.</p><br>
<p>The building was one of the first of forty-five post offices built by the federal government in 1916. The government had just produced a set of standards governing the size, scale, and architecture of post office buildings based on the size and importance of the community. Naugatuck was at the time a highly successful industrial community (home to Charles Goodyear&#39;s United States Rubber Company aka Uniroyal), and its center had recently been graced by the sophisticated architectural contributions of McKim, Meade & White. The city was consequently given a post office building of somewhat more elegance than was typically found in communities of similar size.</p><br>
<p>The Albany Trust Company Building is a historic commercial building located at 35 State Street at the corner of Broadway in Albany, New York. It was built in 1904 and was designed by Marcus T. Reynolds in the Renaissance Revival style. Currently, it is the main offices of the Research Foundation for the State University of New York.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as the First Trust Company Building. It is also a contributing property to the Downtown Albany Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The property at State Street and Broadway had been the site of a rounded building since the 1830s. In 1902, the Albany Trust Company asked prominent Albany architect Marcus T. Reynolds to design a new headquarters for the bank, and Reynolds decided that the new building would also be rounded. He made the curve the focus of the building by putting the main entrance at the corner, and by topping the building with a dome shape. Extensions to the building were later added along both State Street and Broadway.</p><br>
<p>The interior features a circular banking floor.</p><br>
<p>The former Harmanus Bleecker Library is located at the intersection of Washington Avenue  and Dove Street in Albany, New York, United States. It is a brick and stone Classical Revival building constructed in the 1920s. In 1996 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Designed by notable local architects, the Fuller & Robinson Company, it was the first building in the city intended to be used exclusively as a library, and is considered one of citys best buildings in its architectural style. Along with the nearby University Club, built shortly afterwards, it was Fullers last major work in the city where he had practiced most. It took its name from Harmanus Bleecker, a prominent Albany politician and benefactor whose estate provided the funds for its construction. It has since been adapted to serve as office space.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The library occupies the full block of Dove between Washington Avenue and Spring Street, one block west of the state capitol, a National Historic Landmark, and the towering Alfred E. Smith State Office Building. Next to it on the west is a more modern, taller building that houses corporate records for the state. Across Washington Avenue is the University Club of Albany, a similar neo-Georgian brick building also designed by Fuller and listed on the Register. The northwest corner of the intersection is occupied by another listed property, the Albany Institute of History and Art.</p><br>
<p>Other properties on the Register nearby include the Walter Merchant House and Washington Avenue Armory a block to the west on either side of the street, and the state Department of Education building a block east, on the north side of the street. In between are smaller commercial buildings of historic and modern construction. To the south of the library are the small-scale rowhouses in the Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The building itself is a two-story, nine-by-five-bay steel post-and-beam structure on a cast stone foundation resembling granite, faced in brick laid in Flemish bond and topped with a flat roof. Trim is cast stone as well, taking on a more limestone-like appearance on the upper story. Medium-height trees shade the building on all street-facing facades. Its east (front) facade has a projecting pavilion in the central three bays with the main entrance. Secondary entrances are located in the center of the north and south facades.</p><br>
<p>On the first story are ten-light double casement windows, slightly recessed within molded wooden surrounds. Every fifth course of the brick projects slightly. The main entrance is within a recessed stone archway with an awning. Narrow casement windows flank it.</p><br>
<p>A wide plain cast stone frieze tops the windows. Atop it are scroll brackets that support a continuous sill course for the second-story windows. These are slightly recessed double 15-light casement windows with radiating-muntin transoms set in segmental arches with a scroll keystone. The bricks at the corners are quoined.</p><br>
<p>Above is another wide plain frieze with "Harmanus Bleecker Library" carved into it on the center pavilion and both sides. It is topped by a wide modillioned cornice at the roofline. Above the roofline is a brick parapet with cast-stone balustraded sections above the windows.</p><br>
<p>On the central pavilion, the first story has the same projecting courses as the rest of that story. The narrow windows are covered with decorative iron grilles. The main entrance is additionally flanked by iron lamps. Above it a projecting cornice supported by scroll brackets shelters an entablature with "Harmanus Bleecker Library" written in it again. From the cornice and the stone frieze rise square fluted pilasters dividing the main window from two flanking 15-light casement windows. An additional two pilasters are on their sides. Above the two windows are the state seal and city coat of arms carved in stone. The pilaster capitals, with egg and dart molding, support the frieze.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Paneled wooden doors lead into an interior that remains largely as the building was when constructed. The structural steel is covered by reinforced concrete walls. On the original mezzanine level, since removed, the flooring consisted of ¾-inch–thick (0.75 in) translucent glass panels supported by T-shaped steel frames.</p><br>
<p>Original oak handrails on metal railings lead up from the entrance. There is a terrazzo floor here and marble wall cladding and baseboard. Elsewhere in the interior, on door and window surrounds and wainscoting, much of the original oak woodwork remains. The second floor has removable partitions to better facilitate its use as office space.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Harmanus Bleecker, the grandson of a former Colonial-era mayor, served a term in the House of Representatives in the early 1810s, when he was still a young man. He practiced law locally and served on the board of several civic organizations. In his later life he served as Ambassador to the Netherlands in the Martin van Buren administration.</p><br>
<p>After his death in 1848, he left his estate to his much younger wife with the stipulation that, upon her death, the money would be spent to benefit the city. She survived him by almost 40 years, and the executor of her estate decided the $130,000 ($ in modern dollars) would best be spent to benefit the Young Mens Association, an organization Bleecker had strongly supported, including service on its board of directors. Under the terms of Bleeckers will, attorneys Amasa J. Parker and John V. L. Pruyn were involved in disposing of his estate, which resulted in construction of Harmanus Bleecker Hall, a library and theater complex, which was built in 1889 on Washington near Lark Street.</p><br>
<p>Thirty years later, in 1919, the board of the Young Mens Association decided it would be better off with a structure dedicated purely for use as a library. It sold the hall and used the proceeds to build the library. Architect Albert W. Fuller, designer of many significant local buildings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, received the commission, His Classical Revival building, distinguished by its solid rectangular form, contrast between stonework rusticated on the first floor and smooth above, archways and heavily decorated entrance pavilion, is considered one of Albanys finest examples of the style. Along with the similar University Club of Albany building across Washington Avenue, completed a few years later, which complements it despite being in the Colonial Revival style, are his last major works in the city where he lived his life and built most of his buildings.</p><br>
<p>The association deeded the new building to the city near the end of 1924. It was the first library building in the city, and the beginning of Albany&#39;s current public library system. After over a decade, the city decided to sell the building in 1990. It took another decade until Capital Partners, a local investment firm, bought it in 2001.</p><br>
<p>A feasibility study done for Capital came to the conclusion that it would be necessary to increase the usable space in the building by 50% in order for it to be profitable. Accordingly, the mezzanine level and its unique flooring were removed to create a full third level. This added 5,000 ft&sup2; of leasable space. The infrastructure had to be upgraded to modern building codes, so the walls were insulated and all the plumbing, heating and electrical systems replaced with modern equipment. An internal elevator was added to make the building disabled accessible. The fully occupied restored building has attracted a number of tenants, including notably USA Representative Paul Tonko, Farrell Fritz PLLC, a major lobbying practice, and Relentless Awareness, a preeminent New York communications firm.</p><br>
<p>The A. Mendelson and Son Company Building is located on Broadway in Albany, New York, United States. It is a brick industrial building erected in the early 20th century. In 2003 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is one of the few intact examples of the early 20th century industrial architecture of Albany.</p><br>
<p>Originally built to replace an earlier building damaged by fire in 1904, it was used to manufacture lye and potash. It is one of the few remaining industrial buildings from that period on Albany&#39;s waterfront, making a distinct contrast to an adjacent building erected just a decade later. Several subsequent owners have left it largely intact, and it remains in industrial use, home for the past four decades to a tape and label manufacturer, as well as some other small businesses.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The Mendelson Building occupies most of the block on the west side of Broadway between Fourth Avenue and Vine Street. To the east, between Broadway and the Hudson River, are parking lots, vacant land and another large building. Two other industrial buildings, of a similar size and shape but not as old, are to the north. A modern warehouse is on the south. On the west are railroad tracks used by CSX and the elevated roadways of Interstate 787, dividing the waterfront from the residential neighborhoods of the South End.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is a three-story 10-by-13-bay brick structure on a foundation of cut bluestone and topped by a flat roof. The facade bricks are laid in common bond. Most windows are 12-over-12 light wood double-hung sash windows with mild segmental-arched lintels. Smaller, narrower windows are interspersed between them at irregular intervals, most significantly on all three stories between the fourth and fifth bays from the east on the north side. A small round window is on the third bay south on the east side.</p><br>
<p>A belt course connects the window lintels. These are the buildings only decoration besides "Port Business Center" painted in large black letters on a yellow background just below the eastern roofline. The bricks rise several feet above the roofline to form a parapet capped with terra cotta barrel tiles. At the southwest corner the roof is pierced by the elevators motor housing, and a small chimney rises from the northeast.</p><br>
<p>In the fourth bay west from Broadway along the north side is the building&#39;s main business entrance. A small set of steps leads up to a heavy wooden door with transom. A similar secondary entrance is in the fourth bay from the east façade, just west of a large loading door similar to that in the middle of the east facade. Along the south is a large metal canopy, and another loading door is in the center. The west of the building has loading doors on the first and second floors.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the floor layout reflects both the temporary nature of industrial space and the cage structural system. The buildings structural load is carried by the steel beams and iron columns inside. The exterior walls are self-supporting; corbeled pilasters on their interiors support the beams, and the iron columns are within the masonry of the buildings two interior north-south firewalls. Secondary support is provided by eight-inch–thick (8 in) iron columns throughout.</p><br>
<p>The first floor is concrete. On the upper two stories, 14 by timber joists rest across the steel beams, supporting wood planking several inches thick. This is covered by steel plate in many areas to make moving barrels around easier. The firewalls have two entries with relieving arches and iron sliding doors on tracks. The elevator in the southwest corner is the original traction elevator, with its motor on top to free up space on the first floor. Most partitions within the firewalled areas are made of materials that can easily be removed without seriously damaging the building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Erie Canal and the development of railroads made Albany a bustling inland port by the late 19th century. Industry in the city found the area around the port an ideal business location, and by the end of the century there were 16 such buildings along Broadway similar to the Mendelson building, with the river and port facilities on one side and the Delaware and Hudson Railroad on the other. The site at 40 Broadway is first known to have been used by the John A. Goewey Company, which built a five-story brick building to make holloware, in particular ham boilers and tea kettles. The complex included a foundry and shops on the west side.</p><br>
<p>In 1882 A. Winterburn started the Capital City Malleable Iron Company in the building, primarily making agricultural implements and carriage irons. The interior was used for both pattern shops and offices. Thirteen years later, in 1895, it was transferred to the A. Mendelson and Son Company, makers of lye and potash.</p><br>
<p>A 1904 fire destroyed the upper two floors and, along with the water used to extinguish the fire, severely damaged the lower stories. The Times Union, Albany&#39;s major daily newspaper then as now, reported that 150 people had been left jobless and a considerable amount of inventory destroyed. The owners promised the building would be rebuilt as soon as possible.</p><br>
<p>It has not been determined exactly when the current building was constructed. Albany did not start issuing building permits until 1909, and there are none for 40 Broadway. Based on the owners promise, it has been assumed that the site was cleared and the current, smaller building was in place around 1905 at the earliest, and definitely before 1909. It is possible that some elements of the original buildings foundation were reused in the current building.</p><br>
<p>Aesthetically, the current building is typical of factories from the turn-of-the-century period. Brick is used extensively both inside and out, with minimal decoration. The large windows allowed natural light into interior spaces that were difficult to light fully with electricity. Elevators were also standard for the time in new industrial construction. A new feature in the building resulting from the destruction of the old was an automatic fire sprinkler system.</p><br>
<p>In 1909, Mendelson bought the building that existed at that time to its north, which had been a grain wholesaler and distributor. A bridge was built over Fourth Avenue to connect them. Seven years later, in 1916, the company demolished that building and replaced it with the current building. While similar in size and form to its neighbor, the newer building showed a distinct change had taken place in industrial aesthetics from the era in which 40 Broadway had been constructed. It used steel framing and was faced in concrete, with rows of small steel sash windows letting in light rather than the larger wooden ones.</p><br>
<p>Mendelson sold both buildings in 1919 to the B.T. Babbitt Company, another lye maker, which had been doing business since the 1830s. Babbitt expanded its product line to include soaps and soap powders, but made no changes to the building itself. They in turn sold the buildings in 1965.</p><br>
<p>In 1969, 40 Broadway was purchased by Greenbush Tape & Label; the family-owned business moved there, where it has been ever since. At some point before that, the steel canopy had been added over the shipping and receiving area on the south facade. Greenbush removed the bridges to the 1916 building and added a glass door on the second floor of the south facade to allow access to the canopy. In 2000 it replaced the roof. Other businesses in the building include an art gallery, recently restored after a 2009 fire, and an antique pool table dealership.</p><br>
<p>The New Scotland Avenue  Armory is located on New Scotland Avenue in Albany, New York, United States. It is a large brick building constructed in the early 20th century. In 1994 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, one of two armories in the city of Albany to be so designated.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Lewis Pilcher, it is one of only six extant armories in the state designed for cavalry units of the New York National Guard. Its restrained Tudor Revival architecture was a break from the more fortress-like armories of the late 19th century. It continued to be used by units of the New York National Guard for most of the 20th century. Today it is the office of the University Heights Association, which owns much of the nearby land, and other community organizations and businesses.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The armory is located in Albanys University Heights neighborhood. It is on a three-acre (3 acre) lot on the south side of New Scotland Avenue a short distance east of its intersection with South Lake and Woodlawn avenues on the north side. Its immediate neighborhood is dominated by similarly large-scale institutional buildings, mostly related to health care. The campus of Sage College of Albany is on the south and west, with the five-story tower of the David Axelrod Institute for Public Health, a laboratory facility of the state Department of Healths Wadsworth Center, is surrounded by a parking lot on the east. The large campus of the Capital District Psychiatric Center is across the street, next to Albany Medical Center Hospital to the northeast. Outside of this enclave, the surrounding neighborhood is residential, giving way to the Washington Park Historic District, the city&#39;s largest, three blocks to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is a T-shaped steel frame structure on a parged concrete foundation with walls faced in brick above a granite water table. A two-story, 13-bay front administration building with a flat roof is joined to a structurally similar barrel vaulted -story drill shed. There is also a single-story former stable wing with a hipped roof projecting east from the southeast corner.</p><br>
<p>Two corner bastions set off the middle seven bays of the administration building&#39;s north (front) facade from the wings on either side. At its roofline is a machicolated brick cornice with a stone belt course topped by crenelated parapets with rifle slits and stone coping. In the field of the shallow pediment at either bastion is a high-relief stone carving of the state seal. They are complemented by the initials "N.G.N.Y." carved into stone blocks below a slightly higher section of parapet at the center, above the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>All windows are set in recessed surrounds with stone sills, flared-brick lintels and stone keystones. They are nine-over-nine double-hung sash on the first story and six-over-six on the second. The first story windows are further distinguished by iron protective bars. Above the segmental-arched main entrance there are three windows. The east and west facades have similar fenestration, five bays deep with the middle three in a slightly projecting pavilion. In the middle of the first floor is a segmental-arched entrance with a tall double door topped by transom lights.</p><br>
<p>The west facade of the drill shed has five bays, set apart by brick pilasters. Fenestration is the same as the first floor of the administration building; the southernmost bay is blank. Two paired modern entrances are located in the third bay from the south and the one closest to the admin building. On either end of the shed are banks of multi-paned windows; a clerestory with seven banks of similar windows tops the roof curve. There are several modern entrances in the south end.</p><br>
<p>The stable wing&#39;s hipped roof has cross-gabling and shed dormer windows. Most of its windows are the same nine-over-nine double-hung sash as those on the first floor of the other sections. Several large stable doors have been bricked over.</p><br>
<p>Inside the building is largely plain, with minimal decoration, as it was originally constructed. Many of the offices and the entire interior of the stable wing have been extensively altered. The company meeting room has a brick fireplace mantel and the interior of the drill shed retains its original exposed roof trusses.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It has not been determined exactly when Troop B was established. Records show that as of 1889 it was assigned to the Washington Avenue Armory closer to Albany&#39;s downtown. It shared that building with four infantry units, and it could not have been an ideal location for a cavalry unit since there was insufficient space to drill with or board horses. By the early 20th century, improvements in local transportation made it possible to use previously outlying locations, and the current armory was built.</p><br>
<p>Lewis Pilcher, then New York&#39;s state architect, designed the building. Aesthetically, it represented a move away from the more fortress-like Gothic and medieval military architecture which characterized many earlier armories located in urban cores toward a more restrained application of the Tudor Revival architectural style. The armory is one of only six extant in the state designed for a cavalry unit.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after moving into the armory, Troop B saw service in World War I as a machine gun company. In 1950 Troop B was taken over by the 106th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion (10th Regiment), which became the 127th over the course of the following decade. In 1960 it became the First Battalion of the 210th Armor and remained so until that unit was deactivated in 1993.</p><br>
<p>B Company of the First Battalion of the 101st Cavalry and various other detachments used the building during the six years before the state Division of Military and Naval Affairs closed and sold it in 1999. Since its closure it has been home to several businesses and the University Heights Association (UHA), which oversees the campuses in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Marty and Dorothy Silverman Foundation originally bought the property and leased it to the UHA. It gave the organization $14 million to buy the 31 acre in the vicinity that it leased to Sage and the other institutions. Litigation ensued in 2005 when the foundation and the UHA disagreed over whether the money had been a gift or a loan. After the UHA went bankrupt, the suit was settled with an agreement under which the armory property reverted to the foundation. In 2011, the foundation sued another buyer near bankruptcy, alleging misrepresentation during the original negotiations.</p><br>
<p>The Moscow Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge located at Moscow, Indiana, a small unincorporated town in Rush County, Indiana. It is of Burr Arch construction, 334 feet  long in two spans over Big Flat Rock River in It is the third longest covered bridge in the state.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1983, as part of a multiple property submission covering six bridges built by the Kennedy family firm.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was originally constructed in 1886 by Emmett L. Kennedy of the Kennedy family firm that was responsible for many of Indiana&#39;s covered bridges. The Moscow bridge came to be the defining characteristic of the small community of Moscow, even providing the theme of an annual community festival. It was a devastating loss to the community when on June 3, 2008, a tornado destroyed the bridge and dropped its remnants into the valley of the Big Flatrock River. A website was used to solicit donations for reconstruction.</p><br>
<p>Local and state officials soon decided to rebuild the bridge. State prison inmates were used to retrieve salvageable material from the old bridge from the river bed for reuse. The Dan McCollum and Sons firm was hired to manage the reconstruction of the bridge which was dedicated and reopened in September 2010.</p><br>
<p>Per the MoscowBridge.Com website, the reconstructed bridge "consists of over 40% timbers from the old bridge. The new bridge is built as a E. L. Kennedy designed and engineered bridge. It has the same look as the bridge destroyed June 3, 2008."</p><br>
<p>The Little Rock USA Post Office and Courthouse, also known as Old Post Office and Courthouse, in Little Rock, Arkansas, is a historic post office, federal office, and courthouse building located at Little Rock in Pulaski County, Arkansas. It is a courthouse for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas.</p><br>
<h2>Building history</h2><br>
<p>The Old Post Office and Courthouse was constructed between 1876 and 1881 to accommodate Little Rock&#39;s need for various federal services. James B. Hill, supervising architect of the USA Treasury Department, designed the building in the Italian Renaissance Revival style. The original architectural plans remain in existence, and may be among the oldest surviving plans in Arkansas.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the first floor contained postal services, while the second floor consisted of office space for federal agencies including the Collector of Internal Revenue. The USA District Court occupied the third and fourth floors with spaces for courtrooms, judges, and juries, as well as the USA Marshal&#39;s office. As Little Rock continued to grow and the need for federal services increased, the building was enlarged several times. Supervising Architect William Martin Aiken designed a 9,000 ft&sup2; addition that was built to the north of the original building in 1897. It housed a larger mail-sorting space and courtroom. In 1908, Supervising Architect James Knox Taylor designed two additional wings, which wrapped around the east and west sides of the building and totaled 16,000 ft&sup2, to accommodate postal service needs.</p><br>
<p>Despite the enlargements, both the postal service and the court vacated the building in 1932 for other facilities in Little Rock; however, federal agencies such as the Armed Forces Examining and Entrance Station continued to occupy it. In 1975, the building was declared surplus federal property, transferred to the Arkansas Commemorative Commission, and renovated for use by the University of Arkansas at Little Rock&#39;s William H. Bowen School of Law. In 1992, the law school vacated the property, and the State of Arkansas returned it to the federal government. The USA General Services Administration (GSA) oversaw a renovation of the building from 1994 to 1997, and rear wings were added. The USA Bankruptcy Court and USA Marshal Service currently occupy the building.</p><br>
<p>The building is one of the most notable examples of the Italian Renaissance Revival style in Arkansas. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and was nominated for the 2004&ndash;2005 The Office Building of the Year (TOBY) Award in the historical building category by the Building Owners and Managers Association.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Little Rock Post Office and Courthouse is an example of Italian Renaissance Revival architecture, a decorative style of the Victorian era. Although the building has several additions, they are compatible with the original portion and the building remains an excellent example of the style. The original four-story building sits atop a Cabin Creek, Arkansas, sandstone foundation. The base is clad in pink Indiana granite and walls are clad in Berea, Ohio, sandstone on the upper stories. Stone on the first level is rusticated, while the stories above are clad in smooth ashlar, an exterior treatment that is common in classically inspired architecture. When GSA completed the 1994&ndash;1997 restoration, broken protruding stones and eroded cornices were carefully patched or replaced using stone from the same quarry as the original. Similarly, Virginia slate covering the roof was meticulously repaired or replaced.</p><br>
<p>A four-story central pavilion dominates the principal facade. It contains windows in tall, round arches on the upper stories. The arches have carved classical motifs, such as crests, urns, and foliated designs, and are separated by simple pilasters (attached columns). The wide overhanging eaves are supported by ornamental brackets, a characteristic of Italian Renaissance Revival architecture. Iron cresting surrounds the roof, which also contains elaborately capped tall chimneys. The pavilion is flanked by three-story wings that contain windows with segmental-arch openings on the first level. Pediments, another classical feature, are located on the side elevations. A dentil (rectangular block) course tops these wings. Single-story wings added from 1908 to 1910 are rusticated as is the first level of the original building. A modern steel-and-glass addition is located to the rear of the building. Despite the additions, the building&#39;s facade remains symmetrical.</p><br>
<p>The interior contains many ornate, richly finished spaces. A stunning plaster coffered ceiling tops the 23 ft space of a courtroom in the original portion of the building. Decorative bands and motifs are distinguished by vivid shades of paint, which were commonly used during the Victorian era when the original portion of the building was constructed. When the ceiling was repainted as part of the 1994 to 1997 restoration, meticulous paint analysis revealed that more than 25 different colors were originally used and these were replicated. The courtroom also features articulated segmental arches over large windows separated by pilasters. Historic wood wainscot surrounds the lower portion of the room. A courtroom in the 1897 portion is clad in pink and gray Tennessee marble. The judge&#39;s bench is flanked by marble Ionic columns. Most of the original hardware, including brass window pulls and bronze ventilation grilles, remain.</p><br>
<p>Columns in the main lobby (formerly the postal lobby) are plaster that has been painted to imitate marble. The columns have cast-iron bases and capitols. Floors are covered in terrazzo with gray Tennessee marble borders. Bronze and brass are prominently used in grilles and door hardware. An open-cage elevator from the 1890s has wrought and cast-iron features that have been restored and painted with historically accurate colors. One of the first elevators in Arkansas, it is not operational due to modern safety requirements. An elaborate iron staircase with a painted iron and mahogany handrail has also been restored. The balustrade features both curvilinear and geometric motifs, and a painted rosette is located on the outside of each step. Newell posts contain the same rosette pattern as well as other colorful foliated motifs.</p><br>
<p>As part of the 1994 to 1997 renovations, GSA commissioned Jim Sanborn to create a work of art for the plaza sidewalk adjacent to the building. Entitled Ex Nexum, the sculpture consists of a text-inscribed serpentine bronze screen flanked by two tall blocks of granite. The work comments upon the changing history of the law which now allows individuals and corporations to survive financial collapse.</p><br>
<h2>Significant events</h2><br>
<p>1897: First addition constructed</p><br>
<p>1876&ndash;1881: Building constructed</p><br>
<p>1908&ndash;1910: Second addition constructed</p><br>
<p>1932: Federal courts and post office vacate building</p><br>
<p>1973: Building listed in the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>1978&ndash;1992: Building declared surplus federal inventory and used by the University of Arkansas at Little Rock&#39;s William H. Bowen School of Law</p><br>
<p>1992: Building returned to the federal inventory</p><br>
<p>1994&ndash;1997: Major renovation, including construction of new rear wing</p><br>
<h2>Building facts</h2><br>
<p>Location: 300 West 2nd Street</p><br>
<p>Architects: James B. Hill; William Martin; Aiken James Knox Taylor; Witsell Evans Rasco and Polk Stanley Saunders & Associates</p><br>
<p>Construction Dates: 1876&ndash;1881; 1897; 1908–1910; 1994–1997</p><br>
<p>Landmark Status: Listed in the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Italian Renaissance Revival</p><br>
<p>Primary Materials: Sandstone and Granite</p><br>
<p>Prominent Features: Central pavilion; Restored open-cage elevator and courtrooms</p><br>
<p>Whitehall or White Hall is a house in Clarksville, Tennessee, that was built circa 1839. It housed a girls&#39; school in the late 1840s. White Hall School was established in 1845 by Lucy Williams, widow of Fielding Williams, a tobacconist and owner of Ringgold Mill. He built the home White Hall in 1839. White Hall School operated through the Civil War under the guidance of Lucy Williams and her sister Mollie Ward. Now a private residence, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 31, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The listing was for architecture, which includes Greek Revival and Georgian architectural elements. The listing covered a 4 acre property that included three contributing buildings and one other contributing structure.</p><br>
<p>The Elizabeth R. Hooker House is a historic house at 123 Edgehill Road in New Haven, Connecticut. It is a -story brick English-style Arts and Crafts suburban villa designed by Delano and Aldrich and built in 1914 for Elizabeth R. Hooker . Hooker was a 20th-century progressive activist, scholar, and writer in areas such as women&#39;s rights, public health care, and historic preservation. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Elizabeth R. Hooker House stands in New Havens Prospect Hill neighborhood, at the northeast corner of Edgehill Road and Ogden Street. It is a -story brick L-shaped brick building, with bluestone trim, metal casement windows, and a tiled roof. A period three-car garage stands at the far corner of the property, and a walled garden extends along the propertys Ogden Street frontage. These elements are all part of the original Delano and Aldrich design, as are other elements of the landscaping. The interior retains many period finishes and features, including a monumental main staircase, builtin bookcases in one of the downstairs parlors, and cabinetry in the butler&#39;s pantry.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1914, it is one the state&#39;s only known examples of an Arts and Crafts-style residence. Delano and Aldrich, by then a well-established practice, had executed numerous commissions in New Haven by the time Elizabeth "Bess" Hooker retained them. Hooker, a scion of Connecticut industrial leaders, may have sought this style of residence based on extensive travel in Europe, particularly England. There is some evidence that landscape designer Marian Coffin contributed to the landscape design, although the nature of her contributions is not known.</p><br>
<p>Bess Hooker was a prominent figure in the early 20th-century efforts to gain the vote for women, and was also active in a variety of other progressive causes, including wider access to birth control, historic preservation, and the establishment of Sleeping Giant State Park in neighboring Hamden. Hooker lived here until her death in 1965.</p><br>
<p>West Third Street Historic District is located on the west side of downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The historic district connects the central business district with the working-class neighborhoods of the West End. Its historical significance is its connection to Davenport&#39;s German-American community. Germans were the largest ethnic group to settle in Davenport.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>German immigrants started moving into the city in noticeable numbers starting in the late 1840s. In 1848 250 Germans came to Davenport and by 1850 that number rose to close to 3,000, or 20% of the city&#39;s population. German immigration remained strong through the 1880s. The Iowa census of 1890 showed that a quarter of Scott County residents were natives of Germany. A disproportionate number of those immigrants came from Schleswig-Holstein, which was in a border and personal rights dispute with Denmark in the 1840s. Other German immigrants to Davenport came from Bavaria, Hamburg, Hanover, and Mecklenburg.</p><br>
<p>Washington Square was a city block that was laid out by city founder Antoine LeClaire as part of the original town. By the 1850s it became the focus for the cultural life of many German immigrants who came to Davenport. The Germania Gasthaus, which housed many immigrants when they first came to the city, was just off the square on West Second Street. The Deutsch Theatre and the Central Turnverein, which no longer exist, faced the square on Third Street. The square itself, which sported a fountain topped with the statue of Lady of Germania, was the site of German beer gardens, outdoor music events, veterans’ celebrations and other community gatherings. Today the square is the downtown location of the YMCA, which was built in the 1960s. In 2006 a new gateway park at the foot of the Centennial Bridge was installed and it contains a statue of the Lady of Germania that was modeled on the one that once graced the square. The Lady of Germania is an ancient symbol that personified strength, unity and liberty. She was also a reminder to many people of their native Germany.</p><br>
<p>German “free thinkers” were part of the German immigration that came to Davenport. Their political and philosophical thinking tended to be anti-clerical and secular. This included their opposition to the establishment of parochial schools. Instead, they started the Freie Deutsche Schule near Washington Square in September 1852. The school remained in operation for 35 years and instructed children of the German families in their political stance of a separate German culture that emphasized secular concerns. Not all German immigrants were of this political bent and parochial schools were started at Trinity Lutheran Church and St. Kunigunda Catholic Church (later renamed St. Joseph).</p><br>
<p>Washington Square, and what is now the West Third Street Historic District, was lined with buildings that had small shops with residential space above. In some cases, the residential space housed the proprietor of the shop below. In other cases, the residential space was rented out by the shopkeeper for additional income. By and large, the buildings along West Third Street were built between the 1850s and 1900. It was a working-class neighborhood. Besides the shopkeepers, it was also home to residents who worked in the factories and mills along the Mississippi River. The German character of the area diminished as a result of anti-German sentiments that resulted from World War I. As the 20th century continued larger and more modern buildings were built closer to the central business district, and the areas further to the west started to decline.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The buildings in the West Third Street Historic District are made up of small commercial buildings, single-family dwellings, double houses, row houses, tenements, and apartment buildings. The combination of land use and different building types gives the district a unique character that is not found elsewhere in Davenport. The buildings, overall, are simple structures. Generally, they are one and two-story side-gabled structures that can be expanded saltbox fashion in the back, or they could be extended on one or both ends. For the most part, the houses are located on the west side of the district and the commercial buildings to the east. The buildings were largely built between the 1850s and the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The older buildings in the district are side-gable structures designed in a vernacular Greek Revival style. These buildings serve a variety of functions including single-family houses, commercial buildings with apartments above, duplexes, and rowhouses. Several of the commercial buildings are also built in a vernacular Italianate style.</p><br>
<p>Toward the end of the 19th-century, larger buildings were built in and near the central business district. These buildings generally had more ornate storefronts and apartments above. Large brick apartment blocks were also built at this time. The commercial buildings were three to three and a half stories tall with cast iron storefronts and window bays on the upper floors. The side walls in between the buildings were opened up with recessed polygonal “wells” for the windows. The large apartment buildings are similar to those in other parts of the city. Many were built above high basements, had window bays and some had decorative doorways and cornices. Some of the buildings had a central entrance that led to a center stair hall. Others featured two entrances which led to flats on one side of a shared wall. The later arrangement featured mirror-image facades similar to the double houses.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing Properties</h2><br>
<p>Hiller Building</p><br>
<p>Linden Flats</p><br>
<p>Charles F. Ranzow and Sons Building</p><br>
<p>Siemer House</p><br>
<p>The Fenner–Snyder Mill, also known as Brinkers Mill and the Old Mill, is a historic grist mill located on the McMicheals creek in the village of Sciota in Hamilton Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania. The mill was built in 1730, and is a large -story fieldstone and sided banked building. It has a tin roof added about 1860. It was in continuous milling operation until mid-April 1954. In 1974, the mill was donated to Hamilton Township with the understanding that it would be used for “historical, cultural, and governmental purposes.”</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 13, 1976.</p><br>
<p>The former Young Men&#39;s Christian Association Building in Albany, New York, United States, is located on Pearl Street . It was built in the 1880s in the Romanesque Revival architectural style, with an existing neighboring structure annexed to it and a rear addition built in the 1920s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Two years later, when the Downtown Albany Historic District was designated and listed on the Register, YMCA building was further included as a contributing property.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its construction, it had the first gymnasium in upstate New York, and one of the earliest indoor swimming pools in the country. Several years later, it hosted the first basketball game played away from Springfield College, where the sport was invented.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The building is located at the northwest corner of the Steuben Street intersection. The surrounding neighborhood is densely developed with tall brick commercial buildings of a similar vintage and scale such as the Kenmore Hotel. The ground slopes upward to the west, away from the nearby Hudson River, exposing the lowest story as the ground level along Pearl Street.</p><br>
<p>That ground level is part of a two-story foundation of rough-cut masonry with brownstone trim. The three stories above are faced in brick, also with brownstone. A flat-roofed round turret begins at the second story on the southeast corner. At the top is a steeply pitched gabled slate roof with three projecting gables and several small dormer windows.</p><br>
<p>At street level is the glass front of the Pearl Street Pub, a bar, wrapping around to the east end of the south facade. To its west is a small recessed rectangular triple window and then the main entryway, a two-story segmented archway with foliated decoration and a balustraded stone stairway recessed deeply inside. A large datestone is to the east of the archway. Beyond it to the west is an oriel window. On the second story are rectangular one-over-one double-hung sash windows with transoms above set in a pair of doubles on the east and two groups of three on either side of the entryway rising from a brownstone belt course at sill level.</p><br>
<p>Foliation similar to the archway also girdles the lower section of the turret, which begins to rise in brownstone below the cornice that divides brick and stone. Above it on the east facade is a plain brownstone frieze with "Young Men&#39;s Christian Association" carved into it. The third floor has three individual one-over-one rectangular windows on the east, a triple window on the turret, two double windows in slightly recessed round-arched bays on the south face, their sills part of another belt course, and then two unrecessed double windows. The east end has one narrow window and then two more double windows.</p><br>
<p>The fourth floor&#39;s east facade has a recessed quintuple window with stone mullions and foliate carvings, followed by another triple window on the turret. The two windows at the top of the recessed bays have stone segmental arches. The next two windows are similar to those below them except not as tall. Two narrow windows separate them from a triple window with semicircular arch at the west end.</p><br>
<p>A molded stone cornice sets off the uppermost story. It serves as the sill of four deeply recessed windows above it on the east facade. A common lintel is the springline for their segmented-arch tops. The top of the turret has seven narrow windows with transoms and panels atop, with a metal-trimmed cornice at its roofline. On the south the cornice continues, serving as the sill for two groups of three deeply recessed windows. Below the gable are three windows with the same treatment as those on the east, save for rough-cut stone in their arches. Between it and the similarly treated west gable are a triple and double similar to the ones at the east corner. The lower west gable&#39;s window uses the cornice as its sill.</p><br>
<p>The attic level of the east gable and the central gable on the south have a small triple window with smooth-faced stone segmental arch and transom. The roof is marked by a wide overhanging eave and cornice between the gables and a thin cornice of metal-trimmed stone on them. The two dormers piercing the roof on either side of the central gable have hipped roofs.</p><br>
<p>To the north, the building at 64 Pearl was annexed to YMCA. It had been expanded for commercial use from an earlier structure six years earlier. Its five stories are faced in gauged decorative brickwork with segmental-arched keystoned window surrounds of rough-cut stone. The flat roof has a bracketed cornice trimmed in stamped metal. To the west of the main block is a six-story addition with an entrance at the northwest corner. It and the double windows are trimmed in rough-cut stone, and its flat roof has a metal cornice.</p><br>
<p>Inside there have been many alterations and modifications over the years, as well as fire and water damage, and much original finish has been lost, particularly in the annexed building at 64 Pearl. The main block has its original south stairwell and first-floor door and window surrounds, and a main parlor fireplace with a large ogee-shaped mantel. The basement swimming pool has its original arcade, and the original gymnasium occupies most of the lower floors. On the upper floors are many original dormitory rooms.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1857, six years after the national YMCA&#39;s founding, a local organization was established in Albany. It used other properties for its programming until James Jermain donated $50,000 ($ in modern dollars) to go toward the construction of a new building. After a matching amount was raised through subscriptions from the public, the lot and neighboring building were purchased.</p><br>
<p>Local architects Fuller & Wheeler collaborated on a Romanesque Revival design that has been seen as exemplifying that style as applied to a densely developed urban site. When finished in 1886, it had one of the first indoor swimming pools in the country and the first gymnasium in upstate New York. Two years later, it was formally dedicated and began growing into a major civic organization. In 1892, it was home to an important event in the history of basketball: the sport&#39;s first game played away from Springfield College in Massachusetts, where it had been invented in 1890 by James Naismith.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office and Courthouse, located in Alexandria, Louisiana, was built in 1932, pursuant to the Public Buildings Act of 1926. Also known as Alexandria Federal Building, it is an Art Deco, Moderne architecture building. It served historically as a post office, as a courthouse, and as a government office building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by Shreveport architect Edward F. Neild.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural description</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse is located in the Central Business District of Alexandria. The federal building is an Art Deco styled, limestone structure with a massive central pavilion resembling a raised temple, and lower projecting wings at each end, topped by a recessed penthouse. Vertical reeded pilasters separate vertical window bays of paired two over two windows. The "raised temple" effect of the second and third floors rests atop a limestone base punctuated by smaller window openings. A massive central doorway is flanked by two smaller door openings. The walls are light buff limestone and rest on a pearl white granite base. The main elevation faces northwest. Each corner of the building (at the projecting wings) begins with square corners and then exhibits gradual chamfering to the roof corner of the wing. The chamfer effect appears to give the building a more massive look at ground level and a more delicate look at the roof line.</p><br>
<p>The first floor and mezzanine are simply detailed; the majority of the ornamentation is concentrated on the second and third floors. All first floor windows have a verde green marble spandrel ornamented by cast metal rod motif at either side. The main entry to the building is at the center of the northwest elevation. There are broad granite steps and cheek walls which lead to the entries. The cheek walls are ornamented with horizontal incised scoring at the top and an unusual Art Deco style light standard rests atop each cheek wall. The standard has a bronze shaft trimmed at each corner with aluminum. Four concentric aluminum circles form a "cage" for the cylinder itself at the apex of the shaft.</p><br>
<p>The three main entry doors are set within a stepped-back limestone surround. The large main door is a double door set in the center of the elevation, and smaller single entry doors flank the main one. There are ornamental cast bronze grilles above wave-like lintels atop the doors. The central grille depicts the stage coach, steam ship and mail train. The single doors depict mail delivery by packet boat and airplane. Above each single entry door is a carved, recessed limestone plaque with the American eagle motif.</p><br>
<p>The central pavilion of the building is divided into nine bays at the second and third floors. The two bays at either end are framed by unembellished pilasters. The remaining portion of the central pavilion is divided into seven bays by six reeded engaged pilasters. A limestone entablature runs along the perimeter of the building above the third floor. The entablature is enriched by incised octagonal plaques above each reeded pilaster on the northwest elevation and above each bay of windows on the northeast and southwest elevations. The plaques have an octagon at the center from which radiate reeded spokes at the four primary sides. This motif is compatible with the door detail of the lobby. The third floor plaque at each corner of the building is flanked by a decorative stand of three incised rods. Second and third floor windows are separated vertically by a cast bronze spandrel panel embellished with the same motif as the incised plaques. The simple cornice is ornamented by a fluted band spanning the perimeter of the building above the third floor. The projecting wings have slightly different embellishment. The corner window lintels feature a recessed block with a carved sunburst motif.</p><br>
<p>The northeast and southwest elevations are not as ornate but maintain some of detail of the northwest elevation. The central facade of the northeast and southwest elevations is divided into three window bays. At the second floor these windows feature a set-back lintel with reeded trim. The center of the lintel features the octagon and spoke motif as on the northwest elevation. The cornice of the projecting wings is fluted. There is limestone cresting in the wave motif over the projecting central bay. The decorative cornice at the third floor is fluted.</p><br>
<p>The southeast (rear) elevation is utilitarian in nature. The former loading dock is at the center of the elevation at the first floor. It is clad with limestone and has a steel marquee. A contemporary fire stair sits at the south corner. All first floor windows have verde green marble spandrels. The second and third floor windows at the south end of the elevation exhibit the same spandrel panels as on the northwest (main) elevation. Five bays of windows in the center of the elevation at the second and third floors mark the position of the original courtroom.</p><br>
<p>The main lobby and monumental stair are character-defining original features of the building. The lobby has full-height marble paneling, terrazzo floors, a plaster panel ceiling, some original doors, and original light fixtures. The staircase is curved marble with aluminum rails. The stair turns around a marble column ornamented by concentric aluminum strips at the center between the first and second floors. The lobby is currently dominated by a concession stand.</p><br>
<p>The remainder of the interior of the building (including the courtroom) has been remodeled and little original material remains.</p><br>
<p>Pickwick Mill is a historic gristmill in the unincorporated community of Pickwick, Minnesota, United States, near the city of Winona. It was constructed in the mid-1850s and is now operated as a milling museum. Pickwick Mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 for having state-level significance in the themes of agriculture, architecture, and industry. It was nominated for being one of southeast Minnesota&#39;s oldest surviving water-powered mills, serving as a key local industry in its day and a Winona County landmark to the present.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The six-story building was constructed from local limestone with a nail-less timber frame and a pitched roof. In 1907 a tornado ripped up the roof and top story, which the operators replaced with a flat plank roof. A more classically accurate pitched roof was restored in recent years. The mill is powered by a 20 ft water wheel. Most of the mill&#39;s original machinery is still intact and operable.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pickwick Mill was built on the banks of Big Trout Creek by Thomas Grant and Wilson Davis. The mills official website says it was constructed 1856–58, The propertys National Register nomination says it was built in 1854 as a grist- and lumber mill and converted to flour production in 1856.</p><br>
<p>Pickwick Mill is one of the largest mills in Minnesota and was one of the first community businesses in the state. During the American Civil War the mill ran non-stop, churning out 100 barrels of flour a day for the Union Army.</p><br>
<h2>Historic attraction</h2><br>
<p>Pickwick Mill is now managed by Pickwick Mill Inc., a non-profit organization largely funded by grants. It is open for tours from May to October.</p><br>
<p>The Oliver Filley House is a historic Greek Revival house at 130 Mountain Avenue in Bloomfield, Connecticut, United States. It was occupied by Captain Oliver Filley and his family, a tinsmith who served as a captain in the Connecticut militia during the War of 1812.</p><br>
<h2>Oliver Filley Senior and Junior</h2><br>
<p>Shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War, Oliver Filley Sr. purchased land and a house in Wintonbury. He died at the age of 39 in 1796, leaving a part of the family farm to his 12-year-old son Oliver Jr. Filley received only nine acres (9 acre) at the time of his father&#39;s death, but would add to his holdings, and eventually built up the farm to include the original holdings. He started a tinsmith business in 1806, a year after marrying Annis Humphrey from nearby Simsbury. His business grew, and he expanded his operations with manufacturing and warehousing in Elizabethtown, New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>Filley operated out of the New Jersey location, until the War of 1812 forced him to return to Connecticut. The Federalists of New England were not in favor of the war; as a consequence, the Connecticut troops were not placed under federal control. Filley was appointed captain in 1812, and put in charge of forty militiamen, but he did not see any combat as the British did not reach this far north.</p><br>
<h2>The House</h2><br>
<p>Filley built the house for his son Jay in 1834. It is a stone building, built in a Greek Revival style. The walls are made of rubblestone and multi-colored traprock. The floor plan is unusual, consisting of two intersecting wings. The primary living quarters were in the west wing. Filley&#39;s decision to build a stone house was partly motivated by the desire of his son, but he was also aware that a stone house was becoming a status symbol in the area. It would become the third stone house in Bloomfield, following a house built two year earlier by David Grant, and one built a year earlier by Francis Gillette.</p><br>
<p>The house, which was added to the National Historic Register because of the work of Sharon Yusba Steinberg, is now owned by the town of Bloomfield, which is planning a restoration project.</p><br>
<p>The Bear Valley Grange Hall is a historic meeting hall in Chester Township, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1874 for the exclusive use of a local chapter of the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, an early farmers&#39; advocacy group and fraternal organization. The chapter folded in the 1880s and the building has been used since as the Chester Town Hall. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 for having local significance in the theme of social history. It was nominated for being the only surviving Grange hall in Wabasha County—and one of only a few in Minnesota—and a rare example of a purpose-built Grange hall, as most chapters met in existing spaces like schools.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bear Valley Grange Hall is a one-story wood frame building on a limestone rubble foundation, measuring 40 by. The narrow ends are gabled and contain the front and rear exits. This front-gabled form of vernacular architecture was used widely in the American Midwest for churches, commercial buildings, meeting halls, and schools. The front door, on the hall&#39;s north end, is centered and flanked by two windows with large wood shutters. There are four similar windows on both of the side walls. The windows and doors are topped by lightly peaked lintel trim with rain caps. There are no decorative elements otherwise. The building is sided with clapboard and consists of a single room.</p><br>
<p>The hall stands on a slight rise amid agricultural land. The nearest city is Zumbro Falls.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Order of Patrons of Husbandry was founded by Minnesotan Oliver Hudson Kelley in 1868 as the first national advocacy group for farmers. Envoys spread out across the United States helping local chapters, called "subordinate granges", to organize. Grange official T.A. Thompson of Plainview, Minnesota, arrived in Wabasha County in 1870 for this purpose. With his assistance Bear Valley was one of the first six subordinate granges in the county and the 50th statewide. The Bear Valley Grange built this hall for themselves in 1874. The selected site was on land owned by a farmer named C. M. Boutelle, adjacent to the principal local road, which ran from Lake City to Mazeppa. Of the 18 subordinate granges active in Wabasha County that year, only one other had its own meeting hall.</p><br>
<p>The rapid growth of the Grange, as it came to be known, was prompted by the massive changes in agricultural life after the American Civil War. Mechanized implements and more complex practises were being promoted, the rural population was booming, and railroad access linked farmers directly to eastern markets. Farmers previously engaged in subsistence agriculture were suddenly part of a vast, national economic network about which they had little knowledge or control. The Grange promised economic, educational, and social advancement for farmers, with opportunities to learn the latest scientific techniques, form agricultural cooperatives, and push for regulation of the railroads. The Grange also had a strong recreational component; rural communities had been lacking in social outlets aside from religious groups. Chapters hosted numerous lectures, potluck suppers, and other gatherings. Grange membership, open to any men and women involved in agriculture, numbered some 750,000 nationwide by 1876.</p><br>
<p>The initial heyday of the Grange was short-lived, however. Due to over-enthusiasm and poor judgment, several organizational efforts in Minnesota failed, and membership quickly declined. The Bear Valley Grange had been one of Wabasha County&#39;s largest, with over 100 members, but it dissolved in the 1880s. The hall was repurposed as a town hall for Chester Township, an ongoing use which led to the preservation of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Arbor Hill Historic District–Ten Broeck Triangle, originally the Ten Broeck Historic District, is a seven-block area located within the Arbor Hill neighborhood north of what is today downtown Albany, New York, United States. In 1979 its easternmost third, the Ten Broeck Triangle, the second oldest residential neighborhood in the city, was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Four years later, the district was increased to its current size and renamed to reflect its expansion to include some of the rest of Arbor Hill.</p><br>
<p>The future district was first established by its oldest contributing property, the Ten Broeck Mansion, built at the end of the 18th century by a prominent local family. It lent its name to the Ten Broeck Triangle, established in the middle of the following century when successful businessmen, primarily lumber dealers, built large houses along Ten Broeck Avenue with the fortunes they had made from trade on the Erie Canal. It was one of the first neighborhoods to develop north of the city&#39;s downtown as it grew during the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Its fortunes began to slip as the city expanded westward to new neighborhoods like Washington Park which attracted the citys affluent. As the 20th century began, it gradually became a more middle-class neighborhood, then, after the Great Migration, predominantly African American. As an effective racial ghetto, the neighborhood and its historic buildings suffered the effects of disinvestment and decline. The designation of the historic district, and other efforts by preservationists later in the century, have begun to reverse that trend. In the late 2010s Albany mayor Kathy Sheehan and her husband bought and rehabilitated one of the districts vacant townhouses to make their home.</p><br>
<p>Over 200 buildings, mostly a mix of rowhouses and detached houses built between the 1840s and 1870s, are listed as contributing properties. The largest, the Ten Broeck Mansion, is also the only property in the district listed on the Register individually. The district also includes two churches, including St. Joseph&#39;s Church, reflecting a later popularity with immigrants.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district occupies the southeastern portion of Albanys Arbor Hill neighborhood. Its southern corner is Sweet Pilgrim Baptist Church at the junction of Ten Broeck Street and Clinton Avenue (part of USA Route 9), a block west of the Palace Theatre and across from Albanys Family Court building. The districts boundary, at that point also the eastern boundary of the Broadway portion of the Clinton Avenue Historic District follows the rear lot lines of all the houses on the east side of the street, past St. Josephs Church and Van Rensselaer Park north to Livingston Avenue. There, the Ten Broeck Mansion, originally known as Arbor Hill, which later became the name for the district, occupies a large parcel at the intersection&#39;s southwest corner.</p><br>
<p>The boundary then turns northwest along the south side of Livingston and follows it to North Swan Street, which it turns to follow south. A hundred feet (30 m) south of the intersection, it takes in the properties on the west side and continues to do so for the next three blocks. These include Bethany Baptist Church, St. Joseph&#39;s Youth Center and some commercial properties along the adjacent blocks and the public basketball courts at the Second Street intersection.</p><br>
<p>Midway between First Street and Clinton the boundary turns southeast to follow the rear property line of the lots on First, again the boundary with the Clinton Avenue Historic District. This line becomes Ludlow Alley shortly before North Hawk Street. After a short southward jog to take in the two properties on that street north of Clinton, it returns to the alley and follows it back to Clinton at Ten Broeck.</p><br>
<p>The irregular polygon within this boundary includes six large blocks covering 34 acre. In addition to the streets already named, the entirety of St. Joseph&#39;s Terrace and Hall Place are within the district. It has 220 contributing resources, with only two non-contributing modern properties. One hundred of those properties are houses, primarily two- to three-story wood frame or brick structures built between the 1820s and the early 20th century. The remainder are either small commercial buildings or institutional structures such as the three churches in the district.</p><br>
<p>Open space within the district is mostly planned, such as Van Rensselaer Park, the neighboring space around the church known as St. Josephs park, and the large parcel at the districts northeast corner where the Ten Broeck Mansion and its gardens (and former carriage house) are located. There are a few vacant lots and parking lots. The expansion added North Swan Street Park and the basketball courts to the south. Mature trees are abundant throughout.</p><br>
<p>Topographically the district rises almost a hundred feet (30 m) from its eastern and southern edges to level terrain along North Swan between Second and Third. This reflects the ravine there, one of the few remaining from when Albany was first settled as most were later partially filled in to facilitate development, now the neighborhood of Sheridan Hollow, which separates Arbor Hill and the district from downtown Albany.</p><br>
<p>To the north of the district are newer housing projects built during the urban renewal projects of the 1960s and 1970s. On the west of North Swan are similar neighborhoods but with newer, less coherent architecture (One building near the district, the Stephen and Harriet Myers House, is listed on the Register). The Clinton Avenue Historic District on the south includes the city&#39;s densest concentration of 19th-century rowhouses, mostly brick. To the east, downhill to North Pearl Street (New York State Route 32), are neighborhoods of mixed older and newer buildings and vacant lots, slowly being redeveloped, closer to the Hudson River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The district has passed through several distinct historical periods. For a long time after Albany was established as a city, the district remained undeveloped and outside city limits, a place where the city might expand in the future. When it was developed, after independence, this was limited.</p><br>
<p>After the Erie Canal was built, the pace of development increased, requiring the removal of a cemetery. Most of the current stock of buildings date to the mid- and late 19th century when the district was one of Albanys most desirable addresses. Later, as the affluent moved to the suburbs in the early 20th century, it became denser, and in the 1920s came to be identified more with the citys growing African-American population.</p><br>
<p>Due to that racial stigma, the neighborhood declined in status over the course of the 20th century. That trend began to reverse with the formation of community organizations in the 1970s and serious, ongoing efforts at historic preservation and restoration.</p><br>
<h3>1686–1796: Prehistory</h3><br>
<p>The settlement that became Albany was established by the Dutch in the early 17th century as Fort Orange. The development around it was known first as Wiltwyck, becoming Albany when the English assumed control of New Netherland in 1667. It formally became a city with the grant of the Dongan Charter in 1686. Then, and for many years after, it was confined to the fort and the area around it enclosed by a stockade, corresponding roughly to its present downtown. The prominent ridge beyond Sheridan Hollow to the north was first referred to as Arbor Hill during that period.</p><br>
<p>The stockade era reflected the threat that still existed to the frontier town from the French, which ended with the 1763 defeat of New France in the French and Indian War. The next year, Stephen van Rensselaer II, the patroon of his family&#39;s lands to the north of the city in what was then the town of Watervliet, including the future district, began having them surveyed. As the city could now safely expand, he had streets and building lots laid out in what came to be called Colonie, largely along the lines they were actually built. He designated the land that is now the park named after his family to be the burying ground for inhabitants of his Rensselaerwyck manor.</p><br>
<h3>1797–1844: Early development</h3><br>
<p>Development was delayed because of the Revolutionary War, but by the late 18th century some houses had been built in the area. Foremost among them was what is now known as the Ten Broeck Mansion, built by another landed descendant of Dutch settlers, Abraham Ten Broeck,</p><br>
<p>Ten Broeck named the mansion Prospect due to the commanding view it offered of the Hudson and its river traffic (some other accounts suggest he called it Arbor Hill from the beginning). He lived there until his death in 1810; Elizabeth survived him by three years. By that point a few other houses had likely been built nearby, but not enough to make the group a neighborhood, even after Colonie was annexed by the city in 1815. The mansion was sold to new owners who, over the next three decades, refurbished and expanded it with elements of the similar Greek Revival architectural style.</p><br>
<p>The northward expansion of the city envisioned by the elder van Rensselaer finally came to pass after 1825, when the Erie Canal was opened. Many new arrivals to the city, drawn by the canal and its economic opportunities, needed places to live and work. They looked north, along Broadway and North Pearl. Some found the mansion neighborhood and the blocks to its west to their liking, enough that city directories of the period show a few residents and businessmen listing "Arbor Hill" as their address. During the 1830s, they built some of the first houses in the district after the mansion. A few from this period, such as 10 Ten Broeck Place and 31 Second Street, survive. Similarly, the mixed-use Greek Revival buildings around the intersection of Second and South Swan were built in the early 1840s.</p><br>
<h3>1845–1899: Intensive development</h3><br>
<p>Intensive development of the neighborhood was the result of an 1845 change. The soil of the Rensselaerwyck cemetery was particularly sandy and loose. Since it sat on a slope above the streets, heavy rains would often wash away markers and expose the underlying coffins and remains. By the early 1840s, there were many calls to move the bodies elsewhere. One of the most vocal advocates for such a move, Joseph Hall, a gardener who lived on the section of Third now known as Ten Broeck Place, had Hall Street named for him when it was opened in 1849, four years after the cemetery was moved.</p><br>
<p>While the former burying ground site was made into a park instead of being built on, construction on other parcels increased. The year the graves were moved, 41 Ten Broeck Street, the earliest dated house on that street after the mansion, was erected. The brick rowhouses at 15–23 and 35–39 Ten Broeck followed. In 1848, the neighborhood regained some of its original prestige when Thomas Worth Olcott, a prominent banker, bought the Ten Broeck Mansion and formally renamed it Arbor Hill. He and his family expanded it over the next several years. The King Building, an elaborate Greek Revival duplex, was built over four years in the 1850s at 27–29 North Swan in front of the archway that provided access to the mansion&#39;s grounds on the rear.</p><br>
<p>In the blocks to the west, newer clusters such as 53, 55 and 57 First Street joined the scattered houses that already existed. At 23 and 25 Second Street, two brick houses were built in the late 1840s. These show a common architectural transition for that era, with their basic Greek Revival forms being overlaid with Italianate and Gothic Revival ornament.</p><br>
<p>The Italianate style would become dominant in the 1850s, when a third of the hundred houses in the Ten Broeck Triangle, the eastern portion of the district, were built. North Hawk and Hall streets were built almost completely during this period. The rowhouses from 2–38 First Street went up between 1854 and 1862.</p><br>
<p>In 1855 St. Joseph&#39;s Church was built on Ten Broeck between First and Second to serve the growing Irish immigrant population, which generally did not live in the district but near it, close to their jobs along the riverfront. It was designed by Brooklyn architect Patrick Keely, himself an Irish immigrant, who had previously designed the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception on Eagle Street downtown.</p><br>
<p>By 1870, much of the district had been developed. The lavish houses in particular that lined Ten Broeck Street gave it the nickname "Millionaire&#39;s Row." Many had been built by lumber merchants and overlooked the Lumber District, the yards down by the canal and river where they did their business. Another church, Sweet Pilgrim Baptist, was constructed in 1876 at the Clinton Avenue intersection, giving the district a distinctive southern gateway. At the north corner, the polygonal home at 105 Ten Broeck featured an iron mansard roof, a hallmark of the contemporary Second Empire style. Some of the existing houses, such as 8 Hall Place, also had mansard roofs added when they were expanded with third stories.</p><br>
<p>There was enough demand for housing in the Ten Broeck Triangle that a new street was added in the ensuing decade. St. Josephs Terrace was laid out in 1881 and formally subdivided for building ten years later. The houses built there in the 1890s were similar in form to those that had been built in the previous decades, reflecting the areas continuing status as a desirable neighborhood, The neighborhood was home to Michael N. Nolan, an Irish immigrant who served as mayor and later, a member of the USA House of Representatives.</p><br>
<p>Architecturally, the new construction largely reflected contemporary trends. There were still a few late Italianate structures like 96 North Swan Street, built in 1885. But most new housing followed the Romanesque Revival of the late 19th century. The brick rectory with stone trim built by St. Josephs in 1892 at 12 St. Josephs Terrace is the districts most prominent example. At 51 and 51 First, a pair of brick houses built in 1885, the intricate detailing includes terra cotta and stained glass windows. The Romanesque houses at 67 Ten Broeck Street and 3 and 5 St. Josephs Terrace are clad in the style&#39;s more common rusticated brownstone.</p><br>
<h3>1900–1914: Increasing density</h3><br>
<p>In the new century, the neighborhoods growth slowed down as it was nearly built out. A few new houses were built, mostly architecturally sympathetic to their surroundings but experimenting slightly with their materials, such as local architect William Lee Woolletts brick houses with marble trim at 43 and 45 Ten Broeck Street in 1900. At 66 First Street another brick and stone house went up, sympathetic with its much older neighbors.</p><br>
<p>The affluent families that had lived in the Ten Broeck area began moving to the newer neighborhoods in the city&#39;s undeveloped western sections, which offered larger houses and larger lots in the newer suburban style of living. They rented the houses they left behind or sold them, with the result that many were subdivided into multiple units, making the Ten Broeck Triangle less exclusive than it had been for the previous 50 years.</p><br>
<p>This increase in density was reflected in the most significant construction of the 20th centurys first decade. St. Josephs had housed its school in various other buildings, but finally had to construct one for the purpose. The four-story brick edifice with stone trim completed in 1905 was the largest building in the western blocks of the future district. Back on Ten Broeck Street, the church itself got a new spire in 1910.</p><br>
<p>The trend toward increasing density culminated in the construction of two apartment buildings, at 7–8 and 9–10 St. Josephs Terrace, in 1914. Both brick with stone trim, one three stories and the other four, they were the first buildings in the neighborhood designed as multiple dwellings. Together with the nearby house at 3 St. Josephs, a one-story brick building with marble trim and a Spanish-style pantile roof, built that same year, they are the latest-built contributing properties to the district.</p><br>
<h3>1915–1974: Decline and disinvestment</h3><br>
<p>During the Great Migration of the 1920s, many of the African Americans who came north to Albany from the Southern states settled in Arbor Hill, an area that had been one of the first where their predecessors had settled in the city. It came to be regarded as more desirable among newcomers than their other destination, the South End. Residents of that neighborhood often moved to Arbor Hill after they had made some money. African Americans displaced by the construction of what is now the State Department of Education Building in 1912 also resettled in Arbor Hill.</p><br>
<p>In 1948 came the first suggestion that the neighborhood&#39;s future in the city lay with its own past. After a century of ownership, the descendants of James Olcott Worth formally transferred the Ten Broeck mansion from their family to the Albany County Historical Association. The ACHA began converting it into the historic house museum it is today</p><br>
<p>The challenges the neighborhood faced in maintaining its historic properties were demonstrated later, in the 1960s. By that time the neighborhood, overwhelmingly African American, was considered one of the worst in Albany. Sweet Pilgrims distinctive spire was removed, leaving St. Josephs as the only church in the district with a presence in the city&#39;s skyline. Later in the decade, urban renewal efforts began to target Arbor Hill. The houses north of Livingston Avenue were demolished and replaced with the modern affordable housing that is there now. Similar projects targeted the blocks west of North Swan, leaving gaps and modern intrusions that also persist today.</p><br>
<h3>1975–present: Preservation and revitalization efforts</h3><br>
<p>In 1975 several residents of the Ten Broeck Triangle formed the Arbor Hill Concerned Citizens Association (AHCCA) to lobby the city for improvements in neighborhood services. Many of them lived in the surviving townhouses, which they had often restored themselves. They saw gentrification as the key to revitalizing the neighborhood, due to its proximity to downtown Albany and the growing service-sector jobs there. To further this goal, they worked with preservationists to have the triangle recognized as a historic district. That 13 acre area was duly listed on the Register in 1979 as the Ten Broeck Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The city&#39;s urban renewal agency helped to repopulate the area with three auctions of foreclosed houses on Ten Broeck Street during that period. Starting prices were between $5–10,000; winning bidders received a $70,000 grant and a $80,000 loan at 3 percent interest. Priority went to former residents of Arbor Hill, families, and those who demonstrated an eagerness to participate in the community. All had to have a sufficient credit history to justify the loan. The AHCCA assisted the city in identifying bidders who met those qualifications. While only half the houses sold under the program were actually rehabilitated, the program was considered a success.</p><br>
<p>Continuing historic surveys and inventories of the area found that the blocks between the Ten Broeck Triangle and North Swan also had many intact rowhouses from the same 19th century period with little modern intrusion, even if some of them were in a state of neglect and disrepair. That area also extended to St. Josephs School, part of the churchs complex. Accordingly, in 1984, the district was extended by 21 acre to its present size of 34 acre. In addition to almost tripling its area, it more than doubled the amount of contributing properties to 220. The expanded district was renamed to reflect the area&#39;s wider scope and historic naming.</p><br>
<p>St. Josephs particularly struggled in the late 20th century. After being among the many historic locations in Albany used by the producers of the 1987 film Ironweed to recreate the citys appearance during the Great Depression, tight finances forced the Diocese of Albany to sell it to a congregant who in turn rented it back to them. That transaction did not prevent the church&#39;s outright closure in 1994; two years later the diocese bought it back and appointed a committee to seek alternative uses for it. By that point the church needed extensive repairs estimated to cost at least $2 million.</p><br>
<p>In 2000 St. Josephs made the Historic Albany Foundations list of "Seven to Save" in the city, and then the New York State Preservation Leagues similar list for the state two years later. A plan to rehabilitate it for use as a nightclub fell through, and when the building itself was on the verge of collapse in the winter of 2001 the city had to shore it up and take possession under eminent domain. It was in turn deeded to Historic Albany, which was able to secure matching funds for the necessary work which continued to stage cultural events there to raise all the money for a more complete restoration. Its plans for the adaptive reuse of the building failed to meet with community approval, and in 2013 Historic Albany returned it to the city. Residents of the Triangle continue to advocate for the churchs restoration.</p><br>
<p>Historic Albany also helped partially preserve 41 Ten Broeck Street. In 2000, after ownership had reverted to Albany County following a foreclosure for unpaid property taxes, the county began to demolish the building. A court ordered the work stopped after finding that the county had not gained the proper approvals. It was eventually transferred to Historic Albany, which had brought the suit. Today only the facade remains, and Historic Albany is working to find a developer willing to restore it and rebuild the structure.</p><br>
<p>The AHCCA founded a separate group called the Arbor Hill Improvement Corporation in the early 1980s to address housing issues that the private developers of the area were not. It assists residents in applying for financing and restoration grants, sometimes partnering with similar organizations in other neighborhoods in applying for grants. Another community group, St. Joseph Housing Corporation, has renovated some old buildings into affordable housing.</p><br>
<p>By the 1990s the Ten Broeck Triangle had been almost completely restored and was home to a thriving community of young professionals and their families. However, the rest of the district, like the rest of Arbor Hill, had not been gentrified and continued to have the problems associated with poorer, predominantly minority urban neighborhoods. While there was tension between residents who continued to support those efforts and residents who felt the neighborhood should focus on improving lower-end housing, as the 20th century ended the latter efforts became more acceptable as it was clearer that gentrification could not spread beyond the triangle.</p><br>
<p>In 2002 local artist Yacob Williams painted the first of four murals in the Arbor Hill neighborhood on the house at the corner of North Swan and Livingston, a project intended to improve the quality of life in a high-crime area. He chose the design, "Mother Africa", from suggestions submitted by local youth, who also assisted on the painting. The project was cosponsored by the Ten Broeck Triangle Preservation League and the Social Capital Development Corporation.</p><br>
<p>During the 2010s, St. Josephs Academy was renovated into the Albany Barn, a 13,500 ft&sup2; space for 22 artists to live and work. In 2018 Albany mayor Kathy Sheehan and her husband bought 18 First Street for $77,000. "Ive been talking about preserving these buildings, moving downtown," she said. "I need to walk the walk." Restoring the house turned out to be more extensive than they expected, requiring replacing a side wall, the roof, the entire plumbing and electrical systems, and gutting the interior. "It stopped being much of a historic preservation because we couldn&#39;t preserve anything", she said. The couple moved in late in 2019.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>All but three of the 220 buildings in the district are contributing properties to its historic character. Almost all of those 217 are houses. One, the Ten Broeck Mansion, is individually listed on the Register as well. Some others have distinctive characteristics within the district.</p><br>
<h3>Houses</h3><br>
<p>2–38 First Street. This group of three-bay, three-story rowhouses, descending in steps along with its street, has been described as "one of the most aesthetically pleasing mid-19th century townscapes in Albany." Many have brownstone pedimented doorways. All were built in the late 1850s and early 1860s.</p><br>
<p>51 and 51 First Street: These two brick houses were built in 1885 in the Romanesque Revival style, unique on the street. They feature classically-inspired terra cotta decoration such as a pediment and frieze and a corbeled cornice. The house at 51 has stained glass in some windows.</p><br>
<p>55 and 57 First Street. These houses, 55 in wood and 57 in brick, predate 1846, making them among the earliest on the street. Both have a basic Greek Revival form with later Italianate detail such as a cornice and architraves. While the front facade of 55 First is now clad with aluminum siding, 57 is largely intact, with a pedimented door hood and eyebrow windows.</p><br>
<p>65 and 67 First Street: These are another pair of wooden houses. Built in the late 1880s, their unusual decoration for the neighborhood includes a pedimented and arched entry with pilasters and a porch with curved brackets and an unusual railing. Modern asbestos siding has covered up the facade at 65, but 67 retains the original clapboard, unusual window casings and an iron fence across the front yard.</p><br>
<p>69 and 71 First Street: These two brick houses, built at the same time as their neighbors, share the same unusual design touches. They include porches with bracket-like members between posts and corbelling supporting a decorative cornice on the facade.</p><br>
<p>2–6 Hall Place: This row of brick houses with wooden latticework two-story porches dates to 1859. The house at 4 Hall is four stories; 5 and 6 Hall have mansard roofs pierced by dormer windows that were added in 1874 when the Second Empire style was popular.</p><br>
<p>86–90 North Hawk Street: These three attached brick houses are among the district&#39;s few Gothic Revival style homes. All have wide door and window enclosures topped by Tudor-style moldings and prominent stone water tables. They date to the late 1850s.</p><br>
<p>36 North Swan Street: This brick Italianate three-story commercial-residential building has a bracketed wooden latticework cornice. Its two-over-two sash glazed windows have iron hoods and sills. The storefront is done in Carrarra glass. It was built in the late 1860s.</p><br>
<p>43 and 53 North Swan Street: These two wooden two-story structures are the oldest largely intact mixed-use commercial/residential buildings in the district, dating to 1845. Both have their original clapboard siding on the second floor and a bracketed cornice. The building at 43 North Swan has six-over-six double-hung sash and eyebrow windows as well.</p><br>
<p>50 North Swan Street: This two-story wooden commercial-residential building dates to 1844, making it the oldest on the street and one of the few buildings in the western section of the district predating the removal of the Van Rensselaer Cemetery. It has a bracketed cornice above the storefront; the upper story has been reclad with aluminum siding.</p><br>
<p>94 North Swan Street. Its facade long since covered in aluminum and permastone, this two-story wooden house from the late 1850s has a gable in the middle of its cornice, an unusual feature in the district.</p><br>
<p>12 and 14 Second Street: The two brick rowhouses here are typical of the Albany style of that building type. They have high exposed stone basements, stone stoops, tall windows, an iron hood on the door and an intricate bracketed cornice. They were built in the early 1870s.</p><br>
<p>20 Second Street: This two-story wooden house with a side gable is one of the few with that kind of roof in the district. A simple wood cornice is its only decorative touch; its facade is covered in aluminum. With its construction predating 1841, it is one of the earlier houses in the district.</p><br>
<p>23 and 25 Second Street: This pair of brick houses, built in the late 1840s, demonstrate the transition between the Greek Revival and Italianate styles. Their denticulated cornices, a hallmark of the former, are supported by the wooden brackets commonly associated with the latter. The houses are distinguished by a Gothic Revival railing around the areaway at 23 along with almost flush lintels and sills, in contrast to the door pediment and projecting sills of 25.</p><br>
<p>31 Second Street: Considered one of the best Greek Revival houses in the district, this wooden structure dates to the early 1840s. It has pilasters, flushboard siding, battered and shouldered window and door architraves and a cornice that suggests an entablature.</p><br>
<p>32 Second Street: Like the house across the street at 31 Second, this brick house exhibits less restraint in its Greek Revival stylings. Its decorative touches include columns in antis and a wood cornice. Its eyebrow windows have Greek key-patterned wooden screens. Its construction predates 1841.</p><br>
<p>44 Second Street: This two-story wooden house is one of the district&#39;s more idiosyncratic. Its one-over-one glazed windows are in a random arrangement; the second floor is splayed out in a bell curve. At the top is a bracketed cornice. It is believed, without certainty, to have been built in the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>53 Second Street: The only residential-commercial building in the district not on North Swan, this brick structure in Flemish bond has classic Greek Revival features such as flat lintels, barely projecting sills, a denticulated cornice and a simple frieze. It was built around 1844.</p><br>
<p>3 St. Josephs Terrace: This one-story brick house is trimmed in marble and has a Spanish-style projecting pantile roof. Built in 1914, it is one of the last houses to be built during the districts period of significance.</p><br>
<p>4 and 5 St. Joseph&#39;s Terrace: These two Romanesque Revival two-story townhouses share similarities of form despite differing materials. Both have projecting semicircular second-story bays, arched doorways and segmental-arched first-story windows; however, 4 is yellow brick on a high brownstone foundation while 5 is made completely of rusticated brownstone. Much original decoration and finish remains on 4, including its original wooden doors, stained-glass transom in a first-floor window and dragon motif in the iron railing on the original steps. They were built in the mid-1890s.</p><br>
<p>10 Ten Broeck Place: This frame house clad in modern asbestos brick siding dates to the 1830s, making it the oldest surviving house in the district after the mansion. It has a Greek Revival entrance flanked by pilasters, shouldered trim on its six-by-six sash downstairs and eyebrow windows upstairs. Atop is a shallow hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>16 and 18 Ten Broeck Place: These two Italianate brick houses have prominent projecting sheet metal door and window hoods. At the roofline are bracketed cornices with porthole windows. They were built in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>30 Ten Broeck Place: Another frame house predating the cemetery removal, this two-story building, now sided in aluminum, has six-over-six sash, Gothic Revival elements on its doorway and a bracketed cornice. Atop is a gabled roof. It is estimated to have been built about 1842.</p><br>
<p>41 Ten Broeck Street: This is a three-story, five-bay brick house with a brownstone Greek Revival entrance, stone lintels and a brick and wood cornice. Considered the first of the large mansion-style houses to be built on the street, it was built in 1845. Following an abortive demolition in 2000, only the facade remains.</p><br>
<p>43–45 Ten Broeck Street: These two rowhouses are two-story brick buildings trimmed in marble. They have asymmetric windows and arched doorways. Local architect William Lee Woollett, the first owner of record for 45, is believed to have designed and built them both around 1900.</p><br>
<p>49 Ten Broeck Street: This three-story brick house, built in 1859, has a prominent entrance portico with Ionic columns. It serves as the focal point for eastward views down Second Street.</p><br>
<p>51 Ten Broeck Street: This two-story brick house is the earliest dated house on the street, built in 1842 before the cemetery was moved. Its Italianate cornice was probably added later.</p><br>
<p>55 Ten Broeck Street: The two pilasters flanking the entrance of this two-story brick house are a feature common to other rowhouses of that era elsewhere in the city but not seen much otherwise in the Ten Broeck Triangle. They were built in the early 1860s.</p><br>
<p>57–59 Ten Broeck Street: These two late Italianate three-story rowhouses have unusual elongated proportions. Two brothers are believed to have built them around 1873.</p><br>
<p>93 Ten Broeck Street: This two-and-half-story brick Italianate house sits on a large lot for the neighborhood. It has intricate detailing, including bay windows, segmental arched lintels, ironwork and heavy brackets on the cornices. Side porches overlook what was once the garden on the south side. It is not known when, exactly, it was built.</p><br>
<p>105 Ten Broeck Street: This two-and-a-half-story brick house has a clipped corner, giving it an unusual polygonal shape fitting its location at the north end of the street. It is topped with an iron mansard roof, in keeping with its believed construction date of 1873.</p><br>
<h3>Other buildings</h3><br>
<p>King Building, 27–29 North Swan Street. This is a two-story brick Greek Revival duplex with six-over-six double-hung sash windows, flush lintels and near-flush sills, intricate cast iron door caps and a brick frieze. In the rear is an arch which was originally the rear entrance to the Ten Broeck Mansion. It dates to the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>St. Josephs Church, Ten Broeck Street. Irish American architect Patrick Keely designed this Gothic Revival church of bluestone with limestone trim for the growing Irish immigrant population in the northern neighborhoods of Albany. It was finished in 1860 and has served as the districts focal point ever since. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany stopped using it in 1994; since then there have been various efforts to restore it.</p><br>
<p>St. Josephs Church Rectory, 12 St. Josephs Terrace. Built in 1892, this is a brick three-story Romanesque Revival house with stone lintels and string courses and an arched center door and basement window. It is topped with an asymmetrical gabled roof.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph&#39;s Academy, 70 North Swan Street. This four-story brick building, dating to 1905, has sections articulated by its fenestration and stair towers on its east (front) facade. Its parapet and water table are limestone; the windows on the fourth floor are arched with a brick course connecting them at the springline. It has been used as a youth center; following renovations in the 2010s, it is now the Albany Barn, which offers 22 living and work spaces for local artists.</p><br>
<p>St. Josephs Terrace Apartment Buildings, 7–8 and 9–10 St. Josephs Terrace. These two brick buildings, constructed in 1914, are the only purpose-built apartments in the district. Both are brick and four bays wide, with 7–8 three stories tall and 9–10 four stories. The former is distinguished by its stone trim, including keystones, entrance surrounds and water tables. The latter has projecting bow windows on its upper stories.</p><br>
<p>Sweet Pilgrim Baptist Church, 4 Ten Broeck Street. This brick church on a high limestone foundation dates to 1877. Its steeple was removed in the 1960s, but it remains an important aspect of the district as its southern gateway, at the Clinton Avenue intersection.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 2003 two planning firms hired by the city sought citizen input and created the Arbor Hill Citizen Advisory Committee, which developed a plan to improve life in Arbor Hill as a whole. Among the aspects considered was how the historic district could benefit the neighborhoods future. The Ten Broeck Triangle, it noted, was one of three areas of Arbor Hill where property values did not suffer from the neighborhoods bad reputation. "It is not unusual to see an abandoned building next to a home in which a property owner has invested $300,000 or more," in the Triangle, the report said. "Clearly, to the extent that neighborhood-wide problems are alleviated or solved, property owners in the Ten Broeck neighborhood will greatly benefit and market values can be expected to escalate rapidly."</p><br>
<p>Projects suggested specifically for the district include promoting the adaptive reuse of larger properties like St. Josephs School, a tree-lined pathway from North Swan to the Ten Broeck Mansion, and improving the sidewalks along North Swan. The reuse of St. Josephs Church was also considered, with low-impact uses preferred. It was also suggested that Ten Broeck Street itself be made more pedestrian-friendly, either with wider sidewalks, trees on the sidewalks or a tree-lined center median. Participants in the meetings rejected a proposal for a new "signature building" at North Swan and Livingston because they thought the area was dense enough already.</p><br>
<p>In a 2005 progress report on the plan, the city noted that the state had awarded the Albany Housing Authority a grant for a feasibility study on the former St. Josephs School. Four years later the national APA recognized the entirety of Arbor Hill as one of its 10 great neighborhoods in America, along with Washington, D.C.s Adams Morgan, Savannah, Georgias Victorian District and Seattles Fremont.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes seven buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with brick commercial buildings of comparable scale and built between 1829 and 1876, a time period when the neighborhood enjoyed great prosperity as the eastern terminus of the Erie Canal. The bridge was built in 1900 to carry the New York Central Railroad tracks across Broadway at Colonie Street.</p><br>
<p>Urban renewal programs had cleared much of the surrounding land when the district was designated. Many of the buildings in the district were in poor condition at that time, and more than half have been demolished since then, leaving vacant lots. The remaining buildings still show evidence of urban blight; renovations have begun in the 2010s. Due to the demolitions, local historic preservation groups consider the district one of the most endangered historic sites in the city.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is an irregularly shaped 3.5 acre area that includes property on both sides of both streets it is named for north and west of their intersection, including to the north of Colonie Street at the railroad bridge, but not that intersection itself. It is north of downtown Albany, at the point where the more densely built neighborhoods of large-scale commercial, residential and governmental buildings yield to residential neighborhoods of two-story houses. To the east the terrain is level to Albany&#39;s waterfront along the Hudson River a quarter-mile (500 m) to the east.</p><br>
<p>On the west the ground begins to rise to Pearl Street (New York State Route 32), where the Church of Holy Innocents, also listed on the Register, borders on the district at the Colonie Street intersection; to their west is the large Arbor Hill Historic District–Ten Broeck Triangle, another Register listing. Across Pearl from it is a modern housing project with two high-rise towers and a complex of two-story apartment buildings. One block to the south is the Broadway Row, on the other side of a large parking lot, four brick rowhouses also listed.</p><br>
<p>At its southern end the district includes the four easternmost lots on Livingston west of the intersection. It then takes in all the properties on the west side of Broadway to two lots south of the Colonie intersection and follows the side of the street where it forks to allow traffic to turn left on Colonie at grade level while the main street descends under the bridge, a short distance north to the railroad right-of-way. From there it crosses Broadway to run an irregular path along the edge of a parking lot, turning south to cross Colonie. The boundary then turns west, following the edge of the street, then south along the east side of Broadway. After taking on some of the lots on the east side, it crosses the street and returns to where it began.</p><br>
<p>Within this area, the west side of Broadway and the south side of Livingston are the developed areas, with mostly brick buildings (except for 69 Livingston, which has aluminum siding over a timber frame structural system) dating to the district&#39;s period of significance. Most are one or two-story rowhouses or other residential or commercial structures. The vacant lots left by earlier demolitions on the east side have been redeveloped with a noncontributing small retail plaza and gas station. A row of trees border the rail line.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the time of its founding in 1686, and throughout most of the 18th century, Albany was a small area coterminous with its present-day downtown, encircled by a stockade. Its charter extended its corporate limits a mile (1.6 km) north along the Hudson River from the stockade, to the vicinity of what is today Clinton Avenue. The land to the north was owned by the van Rensselaer family, the area&#39;s colonial patroons since it was settled by the Dutch.</p><br>
<p>In 1764, Stephen van Rensselaer II, then the patroon, had the area north of Albany surveyed, laid out in a grid pattern for future streets, subdivided and sold. It was incorporated as the original town of Colonie in 1795. Within two decades it had attracted a thousand residents, and in 1815 they persuaded the city of Albany to annex Colonie. It became the city&#39;s Fifth Ward.</p><br>
<p>For the first ten years afterward that was the only change. In 1825 the Erie Canal was completed, and the eastern terminus of the 360 mi waterway was located where Colonie Street reaches the Hudson. The city built a large waterfront complex at the site. North Broadway began to grow. The neighborhood became known as the lumber district, since that commodity, harvested in the Adirondacks and Western New York, accounted for much of the cargo being shipped to Albany via the canal. New construction included both the mills where the wood was finished and the homes of those who grew prosperous from that and the shipping. The townhouse at 788 Broadway, no longer extant, was built during this early period and soon had a grocery and dry goods store in its lower story.</p><br>
<h3>First passenger steam rail</h3><br>
<p>The development of rail transport that followed the canal also impacted the area. In 1831 the first passenger steam rail service in the United States opened between Albany and Schenectady. Throughout the next decade passenger cars that had been ferried across the river were hauled up the steep hill on State Street downtown and then put on the tracks to Schenectady. In 1844, the tracks were shifted to the current route up the less steeper Patroon Creek ravine. A large freight transshipment complex was built nearby to unload freight from trains to boats and ferries, then reload it at a similar depot on the east side. The workers necessary for this operation settled in the neighborhood. Small businesses, serving the area&#39;s residents, opened in spaces like 802 Broadway.</p><br>
<p>One of those early houses, the non-extant 799 Broadway, was converted into a police station in 1863, reflecting the neighborhoods growth. After the Civil War a bridge was built, reducing the neighborhoods economic importance somewhat, although at the same time 810–812 Broadway was built as an art-supply store. Canal traffic declined as well with the improvements in railroading. In 1900 the present Warren truss iron bridge was built as part of an extensive project that reshaped the city&#39;s railroads. A new bridge across the Hudson replaced the first one and the Union Station was built downtown. The demolition of the Broadway station to clear the way for the new station and the filling in of the canal (rerouted to carry larger barges) for expanded freight yards deprived the neighborhood of its economic center.</p><br>
<h3>20th-21st century</h3><br>
<p>It slowly declined over the course of the 20th century. Most of the buildings outside the present district were demolished for urban renewal in the 1960s and &#39;70s. Since the Register listing, buildings have been lost.</p><br>
<p>In the 2010s, some renovations began on the remaining buildings. In 2017 developer Michael Chiou announced plans to renovate 800–804 Broadway, the last buildings left on that block, which by then had deteriorated to the point that firefighters would not have been allowed to enter if the buildings had burned. By the end of 2019 that work had been done and 15 new apartments built. "It&#39;s a very blighted street that people kind of forgot about", Chiou said.</p><br>
<p>As part of a 2019 project to build Clinton Square Studios, a large block of affordable housing for actors performing at the nearby Capital Repertory Theatre on Broadway just south of the district, 70 and 72 Livingston were refaced. But across the street, 67 Livingston is slated for demolition.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Of the original 20 buildings in the district, seven are left. The sole structure, the railroad bridge, also remains.</p><br>
<p>70 and 72 Livingston Avenue. These two identical two-and-a-half-story three-bay Greek Revival rowhouses, once part of a row of four, are the oldest extant buildings in the district now, dating to roughly 1840.</p><br>
<p>Railroad bridge, over Broadway at Colonie Street. This metal truss bridge with carried four separate tracks in its prime, three of which remain. Structurally it consists of three modified and riveted Warren truss webs resting on stone abutments, with lattice-braced diagonals, verticals, portals and overhead struts. The trusses support the box girders the ballasted deck rests on.</p><br>
<p>Currently, it carries Amtrak Empire Service passenger trains and CSX freight; the latter company owns it. Conrail, its owner at the time of the Register listing, objected to it.</p><br>
<p>Among the demolished buildings, 788 Broadway, a Greek Revival townhouse, was notable for its fluted Doric in antis columns. At its roofline was a molded cornice and frieze with a Greek key motif. Built in 1829, it had been the oldest building in the district until it was demolished.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the buildings at 808 and 810–812 Broadway were demolished. The latter, a three-story Italianate building, built in 1872, was the most elaborate of the remaining buildings. From a cornice above the ground-floor storefront, two pilasters rose in the brick up the next two stories, flanking the central of the five front bays. At the roofline corbels supported an elaborate molded modillioned cornice.</p><br>
<p>Across the street, in the now vacant lots, 799 Broadway went through some major alterations to convert it into a police station in 1863. Its basic three-story, four-bay form from 1835 remained, but its Greek Revival stylings got some Italianate updates. The raised arch at the main entry was original, but the iron lintels, incised frieze panels and tripartite cornice with elaborate brackets in support were added at that time. A brick parapet and pent slate roof came in the next decade. Later still, in the early years of the 20th century, the stoop was removed for a new entrance at street level and large windows added in the basement.</p><br>
<p>The Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District is located between Empire State Plaza and Washington Park in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 27-block, 99 acre area taking in both the Center Square and Hudson/Park neighborhoods, and Lark Street on the west. In 1980 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Most of its buildings were constructed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with some dating as far back as the 1830s, in a diverse array of architectural styles from those eras. Many prominent architects, including Marcus T. Reynolds and Russell Sturgis, have extant work in the district. Only 22 buildings are more modern, non-contributing properties. While 80 percent of its buildings are attached rowhouses, giving it a predominantly residential character even today, it also includes churches, two small parks and the Alfred E. Smith State Office Building. Among those are the citys oldest black church and the firehouse that housed its last volunteer fire department. One of Albanys legendary figures, longtime mayor Erastus Corning 2nd, was born in a house on Chestnut Street; another, gangster Legs Diamond, was murdered in one on Dove Street.</p><br>
<p>Development of the neighborhood began in the 1840s, when the Ruttenkill Creek ravine was filled in. In those early years, houses built there reflected the socioeconomic diversity of the residents. Some were large, high style buildings, the homes of wealthy city residents; others were smaller, more vernacular interpretations built in groups for lower-income buyers. Later, in the last decades of the 19th century, it became a more desirable neighborhood after the current state capitol and Washington Park were built. It continues to remain so, although it did not get its current names until two neighborhood associations were formed to resist urban renewal in the 1960s and &#39;70s.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is a roughly rectangular area with a regular boundary on the east and an irregular one on the west, roughly bounded by Spring Street on the north, South Swan Street on the east, Park Avenue on the south and Lark Street and Delaware Avenue (USA Route 9W, and also New York State Route 443 south of Madison Avenue) on the west. Dove Street transects the district longitudinally. Center Square, the northern section, is considered to be those six blocks between Lark, State, South Swan and Jay streets. South of that is Hudson–Park.</p><br>
<p>The boundary begins at the intersection of Washington Avenue (New York State Route 5) and South Swan Street. On the intersections southwest corner is the Alfred E. Smith Building, the districts largest, near the New York State Capitol, a National Historic Landmark, and the State Education Department Building, also on the Register. From there the district&#39;s eastern boundary runs straight south along South Swan for one-half mile (1 km), past the modern buildings of Empire State Plaza and the New York State Museum, to Park Avenue at the north edge of Lincoln Park.</p><br>
<p>The boundary continues two blocks west to Delaware Avenue, where it turns north along that street for one block. Then it turns west at Myrtle Avenue, avoiding a large modern building on the intersection&#39;s southwest corner, to follow it west for one block. It then turns north along Lark Street for two blocks, turning west again at Dana Avenue. After taking in two lots on the north side of the street, it follows the lot lines off the street to the middle of the block, turning west to take in all the buildings on the south side of Madison Avenue (USA Route 20) to just opposite the intersection with Willet Street, at the southeast corner of Washington Park.</p><br>
<p>The buildings on Willet are part of the Washington Park Historic District, so the boundary turns east again, excluding the two lots just east of the intersection. It then follows rear lot lines through the middle of the next three blocks to Spring Street, where it turns east. to Dove Street. It continues along the lot lines to the west side of the Smith Building lot, where it turns to Washington to take in that building.</p><br>
<p>Topographically the district reflects the proximity of the Hudson River a half-mile (1 km) to the east. It generally slopes slightly in that direction. There is a more pronounced dip centered on Hudson Avenue in the eastern (Center Square) portion, where one of the ravines that characterized the area before the city was developed was filled in. A similar depression occurs, for the same reason, in the district&#39;s southeast corner next to Lincoln Park.</p><br>
<p>The 99 acre of the district are urban and densely developed. The majority of its approximately 1,200 buildings are two-to-four-story attached brick rowhouses, or similar detached townhouses, usually three bays wide, built in the late 19th or early 20th centuries, in a range of architectural styles from late Federal to Colonial Revival, high and low. They are often grouped in similar clusters due to simultaneous development, although no one style predominates over a single street or block. There are a few older timber frame houses, mainly in the south end on Myrtle and Park avenues. Many properties have detached garages in the rear, either converted carriage houses or built as garages in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Scattered around the district are other building types, primarily institutional. They range from the 34-story Smith Building at the northeast corner and the brick structures of the former Hinckel Brewery on Park Avenue to the six churches, most notably the Wilborn Temple on Lancaster Street, whose tower is a secondary focal point of the district after the Smith Building. Although most commercial use in the district is of mixed-use character, occurring in the basements and at street level of otherwise residential rowhouses, there are some historic commercial buildings, as well as larger modern, non-contributing development like supermarkets and gas stations.</p><br>
<p>Formal open space in the district is limited to the small Hudson–Jay Park between those two streets near South Swan and the loop at the aborted stub end of the South Mall Arterial, and the very small Dana Park on Delaware Square where Delaware Avenue and Lark merge at Madison. However, many of the houses in the district have large backyards. Vacant lots, not all of which have been converted into parking lots, also provide breaks in development. Many streets have been lined with mature trees to further provide shade and calm traffic. Some retain their original cobblestone or brick pavement, and crosswalks have been paved with them in other areas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Center Square and Hudson–Park have four distinct historical periods. During the citys colonial period and even after the opening of the Erie Canal, it was little-used and remote from downtown. Development accelerated after Ruttenkill Creek ravine was filled in 1845. By the end of the century the area was one of the citys most prestigious addresses, but change began slowly in the early 20th century, with more non-residential use creeping in. as well as guiding their development into, once again, an affluent and desirable area of Albany to live in.</p><br>
<h3>1664–1845: Pre-development</h3><br>
<p>For most of the colonial era, Albany had been confined by a defensive wooden stockade to its present downtown. It had come down after British victory in the French and Indian War ended any threat from the French, but the tensions that led to the Revolutionary War a decade later, and its aftermath, had limited the citys growth. The land where the district would later stand was known as Pinkster Hill, since the annual spring festival held by the areas African Americans, both slave and free, was held there until 1822.</p><br>
<p>Even when the city began to grow again significantly after becoming the eastern terminus of the Erie Canal in 1825, its expansion was primarily north and south along the Hudson River, where the land was level. A few residents ventured to the west. Some of those early houses, such as the 1827 Alfred Conkling House at 353 Madison Avenue, the district&#39;s oldest.</p><br>
<p>Several houses were built on State and Lydius (today&#39;s Madison Avenue) streets during the 1830s. These were generally small timber frame buildings, a few of which remain, mostly small cottages, such as the 1831 houses at 334–336 State Street, with Italianate cornices added in the 1850s. Nearby, and with no later additions or changes, is the 1837 house at 321 State Street. In 1842 the Israel African Methodist Episcopal Church, the oldest black church in the city, bought land at its present site at 381 Hamilton Street. It built a church there which burned down two years later.</p><br>
<h3>1845–1899: Growth and development</h3><br>
<p>Just to the west of the city at that time rose sharp bluffs penetrated by the ravines carved by the small local tributaries of the Hudson. To better connect the growing citys neighborhoods, they were filled in over time. One such filling, the Ruttenkill Creek, made possible the development of the future historic district in 1845. The new area, between Hawk, State, Lark and Madison, attracted builders very quickly. Fire Station No. 6, home to the citys last company of volunteers, was built at South Swan and Jefferson streets in the 1860s. In 1867 Lydius Street was renamed Madison Avenue after former USA President James Madison, a move that was attacked as an effort to further cleanse Albany of its Dutch colonial past. Horsecar service, later replaced by electrified streetcar service, was introduced along a route following Hamilton Street to Lark and then south to Madison Avenue in the 1860s. An 1890s-vintage electric pole for the system, one of two left in the city, is in front of 401 Hamilton.</p><br>
<p>Builders almost exclusively put up groups of attached brick rowhouses, often demolishing any earlier structures on the property, changing the character of the district. Their models ranged from simple buildings for working-class families to high-end houses for affluent buyers. Judge William Learned commissioned Russell Sturgis to design homes for his family at 298–300 State Street in 1873, one of only two buildings Sturgis designed in the city. Originally architects and builders worked in the Italianate style, but later projects used contemporary styles like the Second Empire and Queen Anne modes.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1850s the Israel AME Church finally rebuilt, allegedly from a design by its pastor, The Rev. Thomas Jackson. It is the oldest church building in the district. The State Street Presbyterian Church at 260 State Street, today the Westminster Presbyterian Church, was next in 1862, followed by the Emanuel Baptist Church at 275 State seven years later Other socially prominent residents who moved into the area at that time include Anthony Bleecker Banks, who served as state legislator and mayor, and James Eaton, supervising architect of the new state capitol, who developed many of the homes in the area as well. In 1889 the Richardsonian Romanesque Temple Beth Emeth (today known as the Wilborn Temple, and used as a church), formed from the merger of two synagogues that had once been bitter rivals, was completed at the corner of South Swan and Lancaster. The nearby blocks soon attracted the city&#39;s wealthiest Jewish families.</p><br>
<p>While the rest of the neighborhood grew, the blocks south of Elm Street remained largely undeveloped during this early period. The Hinckel brewery had been located at Park and South Swan since 1855. But for residents, those blocks were too far from downtown Albany and the riverfront to walk to work there, and no streetcar lines reached them. In 1886 the ravine to the south was filled and Lincoln Park created. Development there remained slow, however.</p><br>
<p>Another park helped transform the district into a more upscale enclave. Over the course of the 1870s and 80s, Washington Park was gradually acquired and developed. The streets around it became the citys newest desirable addresses, with their wealthy residents building newer, larger houses. The spillover effect on property values on the streets to the east was enhanced when the new state capitol was built just to the east. By 1896, two years before the capitol was complete, every street in the district had at least one address on Albanys Social List.</p><br>
<h3>1900–1957: Consolidation</h3><br>
<p>In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of those prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the districts longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the citys greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and with furnishings, to its present location at 248 State from Washington and Swan, in order to make way for what was eventually built as the Alfred E. Smith State Office Building. Existing houses were subdivided into apartments as well. In 1913, with Prohibition appearing more and more likely, the former Amsdell Brewery at 175 Jay Street was also converted into apartments. The vacant Albany Card and Paper Company plant at 270–76 Hudson Street was converted into a movie theater in 1916.</p><br>
<p>This trend toward larger buildings and greater density culminated with the completion of the Smith Building in 1928. The 34-story Art Deco skyscraper, the second tallest building in Albany at 387 ft instantly became the districts largest building. As subsequent office buildings in the district were not architecturally sympathetic with the rowhouses around them, it is considered the districts youngest contributing property.</p><br>
<p>Elsewhere in the district during the first three decades of the new century, in 1903 a granite memorial fountain to geologist James Dwight Dana was erected by members of the Dana Natural History Society, the oldest womens science organization in the country, eight years after his death, in the small park now named after him where Lark Street and Delaware Avenue merge at Madison Avenue, had this granite memorial erected to recognize the scientific accomplishments of James Dwight Dana, who had died eight years prior. The society raised the money itself and ensured that the trilobites, crinoids, and eurypterids depicted on the water basin, which also served as Albanys last public horse trough, were accurately depicted.</p><br>
<p>Nearby, at 25 Delaware Avenue 14 years later, in 1917, Morris Ryder built a Dutch Colonial Revival brick house for the fire department, ending its 23-year quest for a new central signaling location in a fireproof building at an isolated location to replace the one at headquarters damaged in an 1894 fire.</p><br>
<p>As Prohibition had been anticipated by the conversion of a brewery into apartments, Repeal was heralded by one of the most notorious events in the district&#39;s history. In the early hours of December 12, 1931, gangster Legs Diamond, who had grown rich partly through sales of illegal liquor, was shot dead in his hideout on the upper floor of 67 Dove Street as he slept off a party the night before. The killing officially remains unsolved.</p><br>
<p>The Great Depression, which followed, had an effect on the district. Since the 1890s the wealthy families that lived there had often merely rented their rowhouses while owning summer residences outside the city, in then-rural communities like Loudonville, Slingerlands, Altamont or Selkirk. In the 1930s, cash-strapped landlords began pressuring their city tenants to either buy the properties outright or move. With the advent of the automobile, commuting to work in the city from outlying locations had become easier, and many of those wealthy residents faced with that choice took the latter route, taking up full-time residence in what had up to then been their summer homes, and beginning the suburbanization of the Albany area, a process that accelerated after World War II.</p><br>
<h3>1958–present: Neighborhood associations</h3><br>
<p>In 1958 residents of the six blocks between State, South Swan, Jay and Lark formed the Center Square Neighborhood Association (CSNA), Albanys oldest such organization, which ultimately lent its name to their neighborhood. By the late 1960s it had played a key role in the citys zoning overhaul. In the early 1970s it successfully opposed both a plan to demolish four buildings for a parking garage, and an attempt by McDonald&#39;s to open a restaurant in the neighborhood. The later condemnation of the neighborhoods east of South Swan for Empire State Plaza, and the plans to extend the South Mall Arterial freeway west along Jay Street, spurred the creation of the Hudson/Park Neighborhood Association in the 1970s. It succeeded both in stopping the highway project, and giving a name to its neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>As it had been when the area was first developed, Center Square and Hudson/Park were socioeconomically diverse at the time the neighborhood associations were established. Over the course of the 1980s, that changed in Center Square as the CSNA&#39;s success began to make that neighborhood a desirable place for the young professionals of the era to live. By 1990 it had the highest rents in the city. The CSNA helped residents fight the city over a property tax reassessment in the late 1980s that many of them believed had singled out their neighborhood. It also successfully opposed another parking garage proposal at that time.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood associations success in getting its way with city politicians has been attributed to its membership including many lawyers, civil servants and other well-connected present and former residents. It has sometimes drawn criticism as an elite group that represents the interests of only its members in preserving the neighborhoods high property values at the expense of the city as a whole. Specifically, when organized opposition by the CSNA and other groups in the city prevented the construction of another proposed parking garage in the late 1980s, some residents of adjacent blocks complained that they had been open to the plan as long as it could be amended to show more sensitivity to the historic character of the neighborhood. They pointed out that residents often competed for parking with state workers in the buildings at Empire State Plaza, and that older residents and those with small children had considered moving to the suburbs due to the parking problem. Others have complained that the CSNAs opposition to sidewalk cafes near residences, and some art galleries on the Lark Street end of the neighborhood, restricts the areas growth by keeping out businesses essential to a desirable urban setting.</p><br>
<p>Historic preservation of the neighborhoods led the producers of the film adaptation of William Kennedy&#39;s novel Ironweed to use Lark Street as a location. The story takes place in Albany during the Depression, which did not need to be recreated as many buildings from that era still stood. "The trolley came back to Lark Street in Albany," recalled Kennedy, "on a block where it had never run."</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s the CSNA and the Lark Street Merchants Association began working together in response to early signs of urban decay brought on by that era&#39;s recession. They formed the Lark Street Revitalization Committee and were able to secure approximately half a million dollars in grants to restore and redevelop the area. that has worked to develop an arts community centered on Lark Street. It hosts several annual festivals, including Art on Lark, Winter WonderLark, its Champagne on the Park annual fundraiser</p><br>
<p>Since at least the 1970s the citys gay community had been centered on Lark Street. As gay visibility increased in the 1990s, Lark became identified as Albanys gay village. The Pride Center of the Capital Region has its office on Hudson near Lark. The city&#39;s annual gay pride parade has followed a route that includes Lark between State and Madison.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>While no building in the district is currently listed individually on the National Register, many of its contributing properties are noteworthy within its context.</p><br>
<h3>Properties known by their address</h3><br>
<p>These were all built as single-family residences, although their use may changed over the years.</p><br>
<p>148 Lancaster Street: This five-bay Italianate brick building with a brownstone-trimmed entryway is the largest house on its block. It was built around 1876 for Charles Knowles, a local insurance agent.</p><br>
<p>182–216 Elm Street: These 18 brick Italianate houses are the longest row in the district. Developer George Martin built them in 1871 and sold them to both new residents looking to live in the neighborhood and longtime residents looking for smaller houses.</p><br>
<p>204–220 Lancaster Street: James Eaton, supervising architect of the state capitol, built this Richardsonian Romanesque row of rusticated brownstones in the late 1880s. One of his last projects in the neighborhood, the stone used was reportedly that salvaged from the former state capitol building after its 1883 demolition.</p><br>
<p>209 Lancaster Street: Originally built around 1863, this ornate brick structure was remodeled into a double house with a projecting bay over the front door a decade later. Alexander Selkirk, architect of several houses in the district and buildings elsewhere in the city, lived here early in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>281 State Street: When built in 1881, this house of brownstone and pressed brick was one of Albert Fuller&#39;s first projects in Albany. Unlike most of his other work from that time, it makes heavy use of classical detailing, such as scrolled pediments, a swag and rosettes.</p><br>
<p>292–294 State Street: Among the oldest in the entire district, these were built around 1846 for two local plumbers. Both have since been upgraded slightly. A Queen Anne Style shingled bay window was added to 292 in the 1880s. In 1899, Marcus T. Reynolds renovated 294 extensively for a college classmate. The owner, Gerrit Lansing, had the seal of the Dutch East India Company worked into the bay windows stained glass to reflect his descent from the citys early settlers. In the 1920s, the house was home to the Candlelight Tea Room, a popular restaurant of the time.</p><br>
<p>293–329 Hudson Avenue: One of the longest rows in the district, these eight two-story two-bay restrained brick Italianate houses were built on speculation by local firm John Kennedy and Son for lawyer Charles Lansing in the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>298 Hudson Avenue: One of the few gabled frame houses in the district, this features a storefront. It was built in 1848, one of the last built before that year&#39;s fire led to a ban on new wooden buildings in the city.</p><br>
<p>298–300 State Street: Russell Sturgis designed this large brick Ruskin Gothic home for Judge William Learned in 1873.</p><br>
<p>315 State Street: Built in 1914, this dark red brick Neoclassical house was originally home to another member of the Ten Eyck family, a lawyer who lived here during World War I shortly after it was built. It was later owned by several other local businessmen, eventually becoming the property of Nelson Rockefeller. He donated it to the New York State Republican Committee,</p><br>
<p>317 State Street: Morris Ryder, a major developer of the district, built this home in 1898 and lived in it the rest of his life. Its ornamentation is meant to recall the Dutch Colonial past, the remnants of which had been mostly eliminated by that time, to residents&#39; regret.</p><br>
<p>319 State Street: The unrestrained Dutch touches of Ryder&#39;s house are balanced by this 1904 Colonial Revival facade designed by Reynolds for a renovation.</p><br>
<p>341 State Street: In 1896, Fuller renovated this two-story yellow brick house into contemporary styles, keeping the Greek Revival features from the earlier house.</p><br>
<p>342–44 State Street: State capitol supervising architect James Eaton built these two when he was living in the area during the construction of that building in the 1870s. They both have granite trim similar to the capitol and Egyptian-influenced columns similar to those on 298 State Street.</p><br>
<p>343–351 State Street: These four 1890s rowhouses, featuring extensive experimentation in the brickwork patterns on the facade, typical of the era, are attributed to Fuller. They</p><br>
<p>352 and 355 State Street: The 1905 construction of these two apartment houses, almost facing each other, signaled the beginning of a change to that type of housing not just in the district but the city as a whole. Morris Ryder built both; Reynolds is known to have designed at least 355. Currently called Capital Hill Apartments, 352 is a six-story structure on the site of a former malthouse, at that time the last remaining large industrial facility in the Center Square area. Across the street, Reynolds original seven-story palazzo-style building was scaled down to this four-story brick Baroque Revival building, a popular place for many of the neighborhoods elderly to spend their later years.</p><br>
<h3>Properties known by name</h3><br>
<p>Brides Row, 144–170 Chestnut Street. These 12 yellow brick houses, one of the longest rows in the Center Square portion of the district, were built in 1899. Originally called Myers Row or even Poverty Row, they soon got the name that persists from the newlywed couples they were sold to. Erastus Corning 2nd, mayor of Albany for a 40-year period in the 20th century, was born at 156 Chestnut in 1909.</p><br>
<p>Eighth Tabernacle Temple Beth El, 151 Jay Street. When built in 1873, this brick Italianate structure was the Holland Reformed Church. A sympathetic residence was attached to it in the 1880s. It was acquired by the Italian Christian Church in 1946, and by 1993 it was the Eighth Tabernacle of the Church of God and Saints of Christ.</p><br>
<p>Emanuel Baptist Church, 275 State Street. This rusticated limestone structure was the Baptists&#39; response to Westminster Presbyterian, across the street. The main church was finished in 1871, with the tower added 12 years later as a memorial to deacon Eli Perry, a three-term mayor. It is one of the few surviving works by partners William Woollett and Edward Ogden.It was redecorated and reroofed in 1928. The original stained glass was replaced in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Fire Station No. 6, 125 Jefferson Street. Built in 1860, it was home to Americus Engine Co. No. 13, Albany&#39;s last volunteer fire department. In 1938 the Works Progress Administration rebuilt the exterior. It has been closed since 1986; the roof partially collapsed in 2011 from heavy rains brought by Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee. There are plans to repair and redevelop it.</p><br>
<p>Fort Federick Apartments, 248 State Street. This eight-story brick structure with stone-faced bay windows on either side was originally located at the corner of Washington Avenue and South Swan in 1915. Nine years later, the Smith Building was due to be built on the site. A Pittsburgh-based engineering firm put the entire building on jacks, lifted it up two feet (50 cm) and put it on railroad tracks. Two teams of horses hauled it 350 ft to its current location. All the furnishings remained inside and intact; no glass was broken. The only negative effect was that the building&#39;s original main entrance now faces an alley on the east.</p><br>
<p>Hudson Theater Apartments, 270 Hudson Street. This five-story, nine-bay brick building was built as a warehouse in 1872. It is the only remnant of the Albany Card and Paper Company complex that occupied this portion of the block between Hudson and Hamilton. In the 1890s some production work was done here as well. A toy company bought the building and, from 1916 to 1932, showed silent movies in a domed arena where the building&#39;s central courtyard is now. In 1984 the long-vacant structure was gutted and converted to its current use.</p><br>
<p>Israel African Methodist Episcopal Church, 381 Hamilton Street. Albany&#39;s first black church, founded in the 1820s, bought this land in 1842. Their first church burned down two years later, and in 1854 they built the current structure from a design by the pastor, The Rev. Thomas Jackson. The interior was remodeled in the 1880s, and at some point later during many renovations to the exterior the steeple was removed. In 1952 the entire building was refaced in synthetic stone.</p><br>
<p>Trinity United Methodist Church, Lark and Lancaster streets. A 1932 fire destroyed the church that replaced one on this site after a 1901 fire. The church responded later that year by building one of the largest religious building complexes in the city. Philadelphia architects Sunndt and Wenner designed this large limestone building with Neo-Gothic and Art Deco aspects. Elsewhere on the property is a chapel and parish house, the latter incorporating parts of a 1926 building that survived the 1932 fire.</p><br>
<p>Welcome Chapel Missionary Baptist Church, 124 Chestnut Street. This site has been used for religious purposes by both black and white congregations since at least 1876, when an atlas indicated there was a "colored Baptist church" there. A white congregation, the Second Congregational Christian Church, built the current Romanesque Revival building. It is unclear whether any aspects of the original building survive in the present one. After that congregation merged with one on Quail Street and moved to its building, the Welcome Chapel purchased this one in 1958.</p><br>
<p>Westminster Church Education Building, 85 Chestnut Street. This three-story brick structure was built in 1928 after the fire that severely damaged the interior of the Westminster Presbyterian Church a block away. It is used as a parish hall.</p><br>
<p>Westminster Presbyterian Church, 260 State Street. Built in 1862 as the State Street Presbyterian Church, this is one of the districts most significant buildings. It was designed either by William Hodgins or Nichols and Brown. It was one of the first building projects for mason Eaton, later supervising architect of the new state capitol and a major developer of todays district. In 1919 the church was renamed following a merger with the Second Street Presbyterian Church. Nine years later, in 1928, a fire started accidentally during roof repairs ravaged the interior.</p><br>
<p>Wilborn Temple, South Swan and Lancaster streets. When built in 1885, this stone Richardsonian Romanesque house of worship was Temple Beth Emeth, the home of two Jewish congregations that had been bitter enemies over doctrinal issues when founded. State architect Isaac Perry collaborated with a congregant, Adolph Fleischmann, on a design that echoed Albany&#39;s city hall, then newly built. Jews, who had helped develop the surrounding blocks by moving to them in the years after the temple was built, later moved to the suburbs like other city residents, where they built a new temple. Their former building was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ.</p><br>
<p>The Knox Street Historic District is primarily located along one block of that street in the Park South neighborhood of Albany, New York, United States. Its contributing properties are several groups of attached rowhouses. The area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>For most of the first half of the 19th century, the block of Knox that comprises most of the district was either undeveloped or used as a nursery by Scottish-born James Wilson, breeder of one of the early American-bred commercial strains of strawberry. His 1830s Federal style house on Morris Street is a contributing property, the oldest in the district and one of the oldest in Park South. The nursery remained in operation in some capacity into the early 20th century under different ownership.</p><br>
<p>Most of the rowhouses were built in the 1870s and -80s, probably by the same builder, as they are a more cohesive group than other clusters of rowhouses in Park South. They also include a set with corbelled brick and projecting bays, both unusual architectural features for Albany rowhouses.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district includes both sides of Knox between Dana Avenue and Morris Street, the row on the west side north of Dana, and 74 Morris Street. Its boundary strictly adheres to those property lines. This forms a rectangle with smaller, roughly identical rectangles projecting from its northwest and southwest corners. Within this 0.8 acre area are 24 buildings, all considered contributing to the districts historic character. The lot where a house once stood at the southwest corner of Knox and Morris has been converted into a small city park, the districts only open space.</p><br>
<p>To the east and west are blocks with similarly dense urban development—likewise mostly rowhouses, though not always as architecturally consistent as those within the district. Properties to the north along Madison Avenue (USA Route 20) are part of the neighboring Washington Park Historic District. One block to the east, along Dana and Morris, is Lark Street, the western boundary of the Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District. Just past Myrtle Avenue, one block south of the district, is the Samuel S. Stratton Veterans Administration hospital, part of a large complex of healthcare facilities. Taller than its neighboring structures, it serves as a focal point when looking south along Knox.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Except where otherwise stated, all the buildings in the district are attached brick rowhouses. None are currently listed individually on the Register.</p><br>
<p>131–135 Knox Street: Located at the north end of the district, these three date to 1875, shortly after Washington Park was opened. Built on 21 by lots, they are in the Italianate style, three bays wide with raised basements. Two-over-two double-hung sash windows on the east (front) facades have ornate cast iron sills and lintels with intricate Italianate detailing. At the rooflines are articulated projecting modillioned wooden cornices. Wooden steps with iron railings climb to a recessed entrance in the right bay of each, topped by a projecting square wooden oriel window.</p><br>
<p>137 Knox Street: One of the two free-standing houses in the district, this was built slightly later than its northern neighbors, in 1876. Its lot is three feet (1 m) deeper than theirs. It has a cross-gabled roof and a street-level ground floor. Its windows, which may have been altered at some point, and door have similar lintels. The three first-floor windows, double-hung six-over-one sash that may reflect an early 20th-century alteration, are located on a small projecting bay with clapboard siding. The roof lacks the broad overhanging eaves, making this more of a rural-style house within the overall Italianate mode.</p><br>
<p>139, 140 and 141 Knox Street: Located on opposite sides of the street just south of Dana, these three are three-story, flat-fronted buildings of three bays each. The ground floors of 139 and 140 reflect their original purpose as storefronts; on 140 it is now faced in clapboard. The storefront cornices have survived conversion to residential use. On all three buildings, the two-over-two sash has hoods, but the material and/or design are different on each. At the roofline is the ornate wooden cornice characteristic of the Italianate style, but 139 and 140 have it only on the facades facing Knox and not Dana.</p><br>
<p>142–158 Knox Street: This row takes up the remainder of the space along the east side of Knox between Dana and Morris. They were built in the mid-1880s and reflect aspects of the Romanesque Revival and Queen Anne styles on their basic Italianate forms. Belt courses delineate the floors within the buildings, and the windows and doors are topped with articulated or segmental forms. At the roofline there is a patterned brickwork frieze and the cornice is held up with large brackets; both are typical of the Queen Anne Style. Atop each is a centrally located pediment. The houses from 146 to 158 also have an oriel in the southernmost second-story bay, above the main entrance and wooden stoop.</p><br>
<p>143–153 Knox Street: Across the street, this row likewise occupies the majority of the block on its side. Built around the same time, these reflect a stronger Romanesque influence on the Italianate form. On all these, one of the two bays is projecting, with double windows on the facet facing the street. All windows on the facade are one-over-one sash with brownstone sills and lintels. A segmental arch of splayed bricks tops the double windows on the street facet of the bay. Stoops are lower than other houses on the street, and lead to recessed double doors with a brownstone lintel. The cornice at the roof has a corbel at the south corner.</p><br>
<p>155 Knox Street: Built in 1882, a few years before the rest of the street, this corner building lacks the projecting bay of its neighbors. More strictly Italianate, it has some of the same features as the row across the street, such as the projecting second-story bay (square in its case, with double one-over-one) and paint giving the appearance of belt courses. The main entry is similarly double doors in a recessed segmental archway. On the exposed basement the windows have external bars.</p><br>
<p>74 Morris Street: The oldest property in the district, and one of the oldest in Park South, this Federal style two-story, three-bay almost square side-gabled house dates to 1838. It has a deeper setback than its newer neighbors to the west; the front yard has been entirely paved over to serve as parking. The main entrance is on the east side, under a hip-roofed porch with six-over-six sash and a gabled hood over the door. All other windows are one-over-one; the east bay on the second story is blind. On top, the original slate and copper roof is pierced by several modern ventilation and heating pipes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For the first half of the 19th century the area that would become the Knox Street Historic District was either undeveloped or used as a strawberry farm, with the block itself existing only as a paper street to actually be opened once the city had expanded to need housing there. When it did, development was rapid, although the original agricultural use remained in part through the early 20th century. The neighborhood&#39;s decline during the later years of the century has been reversed with an award-winning project in the early 21st.</p><br>
<h3>1813–1874: Strawberry nursery</h3><br>
<p>Knox Street first appeared on maps of Albany in 1813, with building lots already subdivided; however those were merely planning maps as the city had at the time not grown far from its original downtown, its core since it was first established by the Dutch as a colonial capital in the 17th century. As such Knox, like many of the other streets in what is now Park South, existed purely on paper. The only street in the area was Madison Avenue, then known as Lydius Avenue. The future site of Washington Park existed, but was not used as a park at the time, instead merely serving as a parade ground and site for special events like the county fair. At the time the only area with any kind of use was a cemetery built in 1806.</p><br>
<p>From several different early owners, the land that today forms the district eventually passed to James Wilson, and the east–west streets were built. The city&#39;s property tax records show his house, the one at 74 Morris, for the first time in 1838, along with an accompanying barn, on three acres (3 acre) where he had built greenhouses three years before. He had used what the city considered waste land, due to the slope created by nearby Beaver Creek, to build a nursery where he developed and grew the Wilson strawberry, the first successful American cultivar of that fruit, as rich and juicy as various European blends but able to withstand the American climate. For the next 40 years his breed would dominate American strawberry markets.</p><br>
<p>For the next 30 years, as well, there would be no other houses south of Lydius, which finally became Madison Avenue in 1867. The only other properties in the area in use were an almshouse from 1826 and a prison, in 1846. Both of these suggested, along with the pre-existing uses, that the area was far enough from the city center for undesirable but necessary businesses and institutions to be allowed.</p><br>
<p>In the 1830s Albanys city directories had begun listing Knox as "the first street west of Lark". Two decades later, in 1850, it was included on the citys official map although it still remained a paper street although more homes were shown in the area. Buildings are also shown at the northwest corner of Knox and Morris as well as at 139 Knox; it is unlikely that the latter is the extant structure.</p><br>
<p>Wilson died in 1855; his son and widow continued to operate the nursery. After the Civil War, they sold it. In the 1870s development of the area picked up as Washington Park began construction on the former parade ground. Thomas Davidson, who bought the Wilson nursery in 1871, subdivided the lots on Knox Street into their current size. The city&#39;s horsecar line was extended west to what is now New Scotland Road to serve the park; other infrastructure, such as water and sewer lines, soon followed.</p><br>
<h3>1875–present: Development and restoration</h3><br>
<p>The lots in the vicinity of the park had been sold to many local speculators and developers. One of the latter, John and Edmund Walsh, builders whose father may have worked in the nursery, grew up in the neighborhood. After developing several rows along Madison, they turned their attention south. In 1875 they built 131–35 Knox, the first houses in the district besides Wilson&#39;s. It is believed that they built other houses along that section of the street; however, except for the freestanding gabled house at 137 Knox, none remain.</p><br>
<p>In 1880 the block of Knox between Morris and what was then known as Yates Avenue, where the majority of the district is located, was finally opened. The lots were sold to individual buyers, but remained undeveloped. The following year, 13 of those owners, representing most of the frontage along the block, sued the city over the paving of the street, complaining that the work was consistently below the standards called for.</p><br>
<p>John Walsh left his brother&#39;s construction business that same year. By 1882 tax records show that at least 140 Knox had been built and was owned by Ann Martin, the wife of a local builder. In the next few years the row from 146 through 158 was built, and shortly afterwards 142 and 144. The earlier houses had been strictly Italianate in design, but the later ones began showing the influence of the emerging Queen Anne Style.</p><br>
<p>By 1886 the last houses to be built, the 143–153 row, were complete. Their forms show the influence of another contemporary style, the Romanesque Revival. The brownstone trim suggests specifically the work of Henry Hobson Richardson. While it is highly likely because of their similarity that they are the work of the same builder, it is not known if that builder was John Walsh.</p><br>
<p>To the south, Davidson, now joined by his brother, continued to operate the nursery. Records from the time show another house attached to 74 Morris as well as greenhouses along Morris and Knox near the intersection. The Davidsons owned the southern half of the block west to what is now New Scotland Road. It stayed that way even after a building boom in the neighborhood in 1892, following the completion of Washington Park.</p><br>
<p>By 1908, the year of the next great surge in building what is now Park South, the east–west cross streets had houses on both sides. The nursery was listed in city atlases as a flower shop, under different ownership. Yates Street had been renamed Dana Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The next detailed map of the area, a 1934 insurance map, shows little sign of the nursery save Wilsons original house. By then the neighborhood was essentially built out. The map shows a rowhouse next to Wilsons similar to the others on the block; it has since been demolished.</p><br>
<p>Over the course of the rest of the 20th century, the neighborhood suffered from urban decay, like many of Albanys other older enclaves. Residents and new buyers moved out to newer, more suburban regions of the city or its suburbs. The houses suffered from neglect, and were sometimes abandoned. In the first decade of the 21st century, a Boston-based developer won a contract to redevelop 18 of the houses on Knox between Dana and Morris. It spent $12.5 million, with the help of grants from the city and state tax credits, to accomplish the project. In 2009 it received an award from the states Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation for its restoration efforts.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln Highway Bridge is located in Tama, Iowa, United States, along the historic Lincoln Highway. The Steel stringer bridge was built in 1914, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It spans Mud Creek for 22 ft with a width of 24 ft. The bridge is noteworthy for its distinctive railings. They are 3.33 ft high, and feature the words "Lincoln Highway" in concrete. Local boosters of the Lincoln Highway paid for the railings as a way of promoting the roadway. The bridge was designed by the Iowa Highway Commission and built by Paul N. Kingsley, a contractor from Strawberry Point, Iowa.</p><br>
<p>The Nathaniel Holcomb III House, also known as the Isaac Porter House, is a historic house at 45 Bushy Hill Road in Granby, Connecticut. It is locally significant as the residence of Nathaniel Holcomb III, a prominent resident, and as a well-preserved example of early 18th century residential construction.</p><br>
<h2>Holcomb family</h2><br>
<p>In 1679, John Talcott had a plan to "people" the Salmon Brook area. Only nine years earlier, the area, known as Massaco, had petitioned the colony and become the town of Simsbury. People were settling the central part of Simsbury and Talcott had plans to add settlers to the northern part of the town, known then as Salmon Brook (later to become Granby). He offered inducements to eleven families to relocate to Salmon Brook. Nathaniel Holcomb was not one of the eleven, as he was already living in the Salmon Brook area, thus becoming the first of the European settlers to the area.</p><br>
<p>Because of his experience in King Philip&#39;s War, Holcomb was asked to become one of the leaders of the "train band" in Simsbury.</p><br>
<p>Holcomb had a son, Nathaniel Junior, who also lived in the area. At one time he owed forty-one pounds to William Thrall of Windsor, which landed him in "gaol" when he could not play. Holcomb Junior "from thense breaking the gaol made him escape", but was tracked down by the sheriff.</p><br>
<p>A third-generation Holcomb, Nathaniel Holcomb III, built a house on Bushy Hill Road in 1720. At the time, he was 23 years old, had been married for three years, had one daughter, and another child on the way. Earlier, in 1716, the colony of Connecticut had appointed him lieutenant of the train band of "Symsbury".</p><br>
<h2>Later Owners</h2><br>
<p>In 1733 Nathaniel Holcomb III sold the house with its barn and orchard and 110 1/2 acres of land, to Nathaniel Higley, half-brother of Samuel Higley. Subsequent owners included Captain Samuel Hayes, Jr. (1781-1795), Reverend Isaac Porter (1795-1835), Dr. Consider Morgan (1835-1844), and James Catlin Bartholomew (1851-1875), all prominent figures in the Granby community.</p><br>
<h2>The House</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally constructed as a lean-to or saltbox. Subsequent alteration were made, but the house has well-preserved interior and exterior details, including plasterwork, wood paneling, and original hardware. One distinctive feature of the house is a "funeral door". These doors open directly into a room, rather than a hallway, and are especially wide. This allows the "dignified" removal of a coffin, without the need to negotiate corners. Often, these doors were not used for any other purpose.</p><br>
<p>The Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District is located along that street in Albany, New York, United States. It consists of five prefabricated homes built by the Lustron Corporation after World War II. It was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Lustron&#39;s homes were used to provide inexpensive homes for veterans returning from the war. The company was never able to fully deliver on its early promises of high volume, and only produced the houses for a year. Many of the 2,600 that were produced remain today. The Jermain Street houses, four of which remain largely as they were when first manufactured, are the largest intact contiguous group in the state.</p><br>
<h2>Houses</h2><br>
<p>The five houses, which are numbered 1, 3, 5, 7 and 8 Jermain Street, occupy lots averaging 0.15 acre in size, for a total area of 0.72 acre. Four of the five are on the east side. All except 1 Jermain are intact enough to be considered contributing properties to the district&#39;s historic character.</p><br>
<p>Jermain Street is a short residential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain&#39;s southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The terrain is generally level and a few tall, mature trees grow amidst the houses. South of 8 Jermain Street, the west side of Jermain is vacant, sloping down to the freeway. The northern section of the street has small pattern houses in the Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
<p>All five houses in the district are one-story Westchester Deluxe models on concrete slab foundations, approximately 1,085 ft&sup2; in area, sided in square porcelain enameled steel panels (except for 1 Jermain) with aluminum casement windows and topped with shallow-pitched gable steel roofs. Some have been altered or expanded; a detached garage built later is in the rear of 7 Jermain Street.</p><br>
<p>The southernmost of the houses is 1 Jermain Street, at the corner with Washington Avenue. It has had its exterior panels, originally in Lustron&#39;s Surf Blue color, replaced. The only aspect of the original building remaining is the roof and general form. It is therefore not considered a contributing property.</p><br>
<p>Next to it is 3 Jermain Street, which retains the same color paneling. It has been placed perpendicular to the street so its entrance is on the side. It has had an open carport added and its porch enclosed. Next door, 5 Jermain has had its Dove Gray panels partially painted. Windows have been replaced but are generally in keeping with the original. The porch has been enclosed with jalousie windows. The zigzag downspout, a distinctive Lustron touch, is intact.</p><br>
<p>At 7 Jermain, the house is parallel to the street. The porch has been similarly enclosed and the windows replaced with double-hung sash. Its paneling is Maize Yellow, and the zigzag downspout is still present. Additions have been made to the rear, and a detached concrete block garage has been built. Neither are considered contributing. The additions were slightly damaged in a 2009 fire. Across the street, 8 Jermain, in Desert Tan, retains many original features, but not the zigzag downspout.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Jermain Street Lustron houses were built as part of a larger group during the manufacturer&#39;s brief existence in 1949. In subsequent years, several were removed to make way for a road project, and various alterations were made to the houses themselves.</p><br>
<h3>1949–50: Construction</h3><br>
<p>Carl Strandlund, an engineer with 150 patents, came up with the idea for enameled steel prefabricated homes during World War II, when he worked for a Chicago company that made vitreous enamel products, initially kitchenware, but later, architectural paneling used on some gas stations and restaurants, in particular, early White Castle outlets. After a conversation with Wilson Wyatt, director of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), he set up the Lustron Corporation in 1947 with the help of $12 million ($ in modern dollars) in federal loans. President Harry S Truman, who had appointed Wyatt, was concerned about the possible shortage of housing, as many men were due to leave the military in the coming years with the war over, yet there had been virtually no new residential construction since it had started in 1941.</p><br>
<p>In Albany, the Upstate Construction Company was developing the Jermain and Victor Street blocks. In 1948, it ordered eight Lustron Westchester Deluxe houses for the former, a change from its original plans. The city at first denied a building permit for the homes, since there was no provision for prefabricated structures in its building code, but changed its mind on appeal in early 1949 after Upstate shared an FHA bulletin on the homes. The first two Lustron houses erected in Albany were 7 Jermain Street and 355 S. Main Street, both in expanding suburban areas of the city.</p><br>
<p>Lustron set up its first factory in a disused aircraft plant in Columbus, Ohio. It took until 1949 for the first house to come off the assembly line, designed by Strandlund to reduce the necessary production time from 1,600 man-hours to 350. Model homes were erected in several locations around the country, including midtown Manhattan, where 60,000 visitors toured it in two weeks. Deluxe editions included several pieces of built-in steel furniture, and a combination washing machine and dishwasher in the kitchen. The company boasted of their minimal maintenance, imperviousness to fire, flood, decay and vermin, and advertised them as "The House America&#39;s Been Waiting For" and "The House of Tomorrow".</p><br>
<p>It sold homes through independent dealerships in a manner similar to automobile manufacturers. One was established in Albany; it is not clear if this was owned by Upstate or not. Dealers were required to pay Lustron in cash for the houses, then bear the costs of shipping themselves. The houses arrived on a truck specially designed for the purpose by Lustron on which the parts were stored in the order they would be unloaded for assembly. A trained crew of workers could put one up within a week.</p><br>
<p>The remaining seven Lustrons Upstate had bought for Jermain Street were all erected later in 1949. Nancy Danforth Norfleet, who moved into 8 Jermain as a young girl with her family, remembers she and her sister being teased by friends and schoolmates about living in a steel house. "They said if you forgot your house keys, you could use a can opener to get into the house." Her mother, she recalls, was sold on the house by the built-in steel furniture, particularly the vanity.</p><br>
<p>The Jermain Street Lustrons were profitable enough that the company bought another group for property it was developing in Loudonville, a northern suburb of Albany. One of its executives bought one for his own residence in East Greenbush, another suburb.</p><br>
<p>The heavy federal subsidies Lustron received put it under close scrutiny and criticism, especially from builders of traditional houses and the unions they employed. The company was unable to deliver either the volume or affordability Strandlund had promised. At its peak, the factory turned out 20 houses a day, far short of the hundred expected, and those houses cost $10,000 ($ in modern dollars) apiece, more than a new timber frame house of the period rather the $6,500 ($ in modern dollars) Strandlund had expected, a price that had to be added to the value of the underlying land. Its relations with dealers were also difficult, owing to the requirement dealers pay in cash and bear the shipping costs themselves.</p><br>
<p>Critical stories appeared in the press, and the diversification of the product line into smaller Newports and larger Meadowbrooks did not help the companys worsening situation. Early in 1950, a Senate committee held hearings on the problems faced by Lustrons dealers. Upstate, which had bucked the trend by making money on their Lustron developments to the point that they planned two more in Albany, sent a supportive telegram to be read into the record, saying it was prepared to build 300 Lustron houses in the coming year. If the company was allowed to continue, "success was assured", it said.</p><br>
<p>But Upstate&#39;s support did not stop the government from foreclosing on Lustron, to which it had by then loaned $37.5 million ($ in modern dollars). Production stopped in June of that year. Less than 2,600 Lustron houses had been shipped. Plans for two more Lustron enclaves along Hackett Boulevard in Albany were canceled, since the houses would never be built.</p><br>
<h3>1950–present: Neighborhood changes and preservation</h3><br>
<p>After Lustron&#39;s demise, the houses on Jermain Street remained as the families that had moved into them grew. The properties evolved like any other houses. A detached concrete garage was added to the rear of 7 Jermain in 1952.</p><br>
<p>The most significant change to the neighborhood following the construction of the houses occurred in 1960. That year, as part of a larger scheme to expand the city of Albany&#39;s limited-access road network, in conjunction with the construction of Interstate 90 north of the city, Route 85 was expanded and extended into the western section of what was to be called the Crosstown Arterial. The construction of the freeway and its interchange with Washington Avenue required taking the property at 2, 4 and 6 Jermain Street. The full freeway scheme was never completed, but the eminent domain proceedings for the three lots were completed in 1961.</p><br>
<p>Instead of being demolished, the houses were moved elsewhere. One is on Pinehurst Avenue, a few blocks away. Another is believed to have been moved to Adams Avenue in Cohoes, north of Albany. The third has not been accounted for.</p><br>
<p>In 1966 and 1970, the expansions were built on the rear of 7 Jermain. At 3 Jermain, the porch was enclosed in 1981. The other alterations were made to the other houses at some point during the late 20th century. Nancy Norfleet inherited the house at 8 Jermain from her father, and eventually bought 5 Jermain as well, where her son lives. At the end of the 20th century, as Lustron houses became an object of renewed interest and historic preservation efforts, she has served as a source about the neighborhood and the houses.</p><br>
<p>The South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block, 57 acre area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>For several decades after the city&#39;s founding in the late 17th century, the South End was undeveloped. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today it is a National Historic Landmark, the oldest building in the district and the only contributing property in the district individually listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>As the city grew following the opening of the Erie Canal in the early 19th century, development did not reach the South End immediately, save for an early toll road, now South Pearl Street (part of New York State Route 32) built in the first years of the 19th century, which later became the backbone of the South End. Planned streets for the neighborhood were included in Albanys grid pattern as early as 1818. They were built in the middle of the century, and by the 1870s the district had begun growing rapidly, fueled by German immigrants, a group still closely associated with the South End and the first of several waves of immigrants to leave their mark on it. Irish Americans would also consider it theirs even as they dispersed to other parts of the city, and one native of the district, Daniel P. OConnell, grew up to become boss of the city&#39;s Democratic political machine well into the 20th century, using a now-demolished building in the district as his headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The district is the only large area of Albany predating the 20th century where houses were largely built by the future occupants one at a time, rather than in large sets of speculative houses by developers (as one later historian put it " wasnt planned, it just grew"), resulting in great architectural variety. The hamlet of Groesbeckville in the neighboring Town of Bethlehem, which at the time was just to the south, grew along similar lines and was soon absorbed into the city, the first expansion of Albanys southern boundary. The new neighborhood became the first home for many of the immigrant groups that would populate the city into the 20th century, including African Americans dislocated by urban renewal elsewhere in the city. Today the district remains largely intact (only 13 of the district&#39;s 520 buildings, or 2.5 percent, were, at the time of listing, non-contributing) but struggles with the effects of urban decay. A neighborhood association has worked with the city to develop a revitalization plan.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>While the South End is generally taken to refer to a large area of Albany, including almost everything south of downtown and Lincoln Park to the citys southern limit, the district covers a smaller 57 acre area that mostly resembles a slightly bent rectangle, mirroring a bend that once existed in the Hudson River shoreline and marked the citys original southern boundary. It has protrusions at several points, particularly on the east. Within is all the land between Elizabeth and South Pearl (New York State Route 32) streets going north-south and Morton and Second avenues going east-west. The terrain is generally level, since most of the district is on the flood plain of the Hudson River to the east. There are some gentle rises on the west, remnants of the many ravines through which small creeks once flowed to the river.</p><br>
<p>To the north, separated by a block, are the Mansion and Pastures historic districts, also considered part of the South End in the broader sense, on the west and east respectively of South Pearl. East, Interstate 787 a block east of South Pearl and some modern housing projects divide the South End from Albanys old waterfront, among its buildings the A. Mendelson and Son Company Building, also listed, and the newer facilities of the Port of Albany–Rensselaer to the southeast. Directly south and west of the district are similar blocks of residential buildings, albeit with less historical integrity. North of Morton are some other institutional buildings, including a church and Albanys Criminal Court building.</p><br>
<p>The district boundary follows a combination of lot lines and streets. Its most easily described portion begins at 298 South Pearl Street and follows the west side of that street north for approximately a quarter-mile (500 m) to the north end of the parking lot on the east side between Fourth Avenue and Alexander Street. It turns east then south down St. Anns Place and across Fourth to exclude the parking lot yet include Public Bath No. 2 and St. Anns/St. John&#39;s Church buildings.</p><br>
<p>It then turns east, following the churchs rear lot line and then crossing Franklin Street to Vine Street including the old Fire Engine No. 5 building. Then it turns north along a rear lot line, taking in "Foleys Row" of houses along Franklin and St. Anns/St. Johns Center on the northeast corner of Fourth and Franklin before returning to Franklin. It follows that street north to turn east again along the lot line in the middle of the block between Plum and Bassett streets, then back south along that same lot&#39;s line to Plum. After following the street east for another lot, it turns south to include all the lots on the south side of Plum to Green Street, the easternmost reach of the district.</p><br>
<p>From there, it goes north up Green and then west along Bassett, returning to its northward course at Franklin. It detours onto property lines to exclude the vacant lot at Franklin and Schuyler Street, then returns to the latter, excluding the modern Giffen Memorial Elementary School building. At the next intersection, it follows South Pearl north to the district&#39;s northeastern corner, just short of Morton Avenue.</p><br>
<p>It follows property lines west and south across that block and Broad Street, excluding some modern government buildings such as a new fire station, Albanys Criminal Court and the local Department of Motor Vehicles office. At Clinton Street it turns north again to return to Morton. It follows this approximately 800 ft west to the districts northwestern corner at 84 Morton, on the street&#39;s south side two lots east of the Eagle Street intersection.</p><br>
<p>After another eastward lurch along the back lines of 84 and 86 Morton, it turns south along a side lot line to cross Catherine Street and the next block. At Osborne Street it turns east, following it to the rear line of the properties on the west side of Elizabeth Street. It continues this way for another two blocks, turning back towards Elizabeth at 59, two lots south of Alexander Street.</p><br>
<p>At Third Avenue it turns west to take in the properties at 76–82 Third, then goes down their side and rear lines to the rear lines of the lots on Elizabeth. It follows them south to the rear lines of the houses on Second Avenue, whereupon it returns to Elizabeth and follows it across the Second intersection. Briefly following Krank Avenue, it then turns along the rear lines along the south side of Second, past Odell and Benjamin to Broad. It turns south along that street and then east to reach the southern end of the district back at 298 South Pearl.</p><br>
<p>Within this boundary are 520 buildings, all but 13 of which are contributing properties to the districts historic character. Most are two- or three-story vernacular brick or timber frame houses, in a variety of 19th-century styles, particularly Greek Revival, Italianate and Eastlake. The exception is South Pearl, the districts commercial backbone since development began. There are a few institutional buildings, primarily churches but also some schools as well as the fire station, scattered around the district. Some streets and intersections retain their original brick or cobblestone paving.</p><br>
<p>All open space is vacant lots. There are no parks in the district although there are several nearby, such as Lincoln Park to the northwest and Krank Park to the southwest. The baseball fields of Bishop Maginn High School also immediately abut the district on its west.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For most of Albanys early years, from its colonial beginnings to well past independence, the South End was part of the city only politically, its only development being the rough road to the south that went through it. General Philip Schuylers mid-18th century decision to build a mansion on his lands there was the first development of any kind. Later, after his death, the Erie Canal and its related industrial development brought so many immigrants to the area that the city had to expand its boundaries, making the South End an end in name only.</p><br>
<h3>1686–1761: Colonial era</h3><br>
<p>When Dutch colonists first established their colonial capital in the mid-17th century, it was clustered around Fort Orange. A stockade enclosed the small village of Beverwijck that grew up around it, delineating the area roughly corresponding to what is today downtown Albany. When the area passed into British control following the Second Anglo-Dutch War, it was renamed Albany. In 1686 the stockaded settlement became a city with the granting of the Dongan Charter, the oldest city charter in continuous use in North America. It fixed Albanys initial municipal boundaries, establishing the southern city limit at the northern tip of what is today Castle Island, corresponding roughly to Gansevoort Street on todays map.</p><br>
<p>During the first half of the 18th century, the city remained confined to its stockade, on guard against attacks from the French to the north. Just outside the city to the south were common pasturelands owned by the Dutch Reformed Church. Beyond them ran only a road to the south, a route now followed by South Pearl Street.</p><br>
<p>By the middle of the 18th century, tensions between the British and the French in North America, mirroring those between their parent countries, twice exploded into war. In 1760, during the second of these—the French and Indian War, corresponding to the Seven Years&#39; War in Europe—General Philip Schuyler began accumulating property to the south of the Pastures. The following year he began construction of a house on his land.</p><br>
<h3>1762–1825: Schuyler years</h3><br>
<p>Schuyler oversaw the construction from England, where he was tending to military affairs with his mentor, John Bradstreet, and choosing much of the houses interior finishings there. It was a brick Georgian structure, the first full-size structure in that style built in Albany, with many of the latest amenities and designs. Situated on a bluff overlooking the river, city and Schuylers 80 acre, the house he called "The Pasture" was the most elaborate built in Albany at the time, and remained so for many years afterwards.</p><br>
<p>During the ensuing years of the Revolution Schuylers mansion was host to some of its notable personalities. After being taken prisoner following the Continental Armys victory at the Battle of Saratoga, British General John Burgoyne and his staff were Schuylers houseguests. George Washington visited, leading the city to rename the road down to the mansion Washington Street. In 1780, Washingtons aide Alexander Hamilton married Schuyler&#39;s daughter Elizabeth on the grounds. The following year, even as the Patriot victory loomed, Loyalist forces raided the house in an attempt to kidnap Burgoyne.</p><br>
<p>Schuyler lived out the remainder of his days there, continuing his public service as both a state and USA senator. Upon his death in 1804, the property was subdivided into smaller lots which were gradually sold off by his children. They were largely leased out as pastures since the city did not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city&#39;s grid plan.</p><br>
<p>Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area&#39;s future as an immigrant neighborhood began with some Irish settling in that area. Bassett Street was home to a small community of free African Americans, and there was enough of a Jewish presence that a group was meeting for services there in 1838.</p><br>
<h3>1826–1850: Early development</h3><br>
<p>The 1825 opening of the Erie Canal began to spur the growth the city had been preparing for. It expanded both north and south of downtown. By 1840 the Pastures had been sufficiently built out, assuming its present character, and development moved to the South End. Over the next 20 years, as Albany&#39;s population doubled, many immigrants came to the city for work in the factories that went up along the river. They found housing in the nearby South End. A century later, local historian C.R. Roseberry later described South Pearl Street as</p><br>
<p>The growth was such that the brickyards that had originally populated the blocks west of Alexander Street due to the quality clay and excellent drainage were gone completely by 1857, replaced by houses.</p><br>
<p>Like most of the citys other neighborhoods that grew during this period, the new housing of the South End took the form of attached rowhouses. Unlike the other neighborhoods, the construction of those houses was largely paid for by those who intended to live in them, instead of by developers building large groups of speculative housing. Foleys Row, the timber frame Greek Revival group at 159–169 Franklin Street, which was almost completely developed by 1850, is a rare example of that type within the district. Since residents worked and shopped near their houses, the neighborhood was pedestrian-friendly, with narrow streets and small-scale buildings. Along with its bending and non-parallel streets, this has led to it being described as having a European feel.</p><br>
<p>This pattern of building, which continued as the neighborhood grew throughout the rest of the century, resulted in a great deal of architectural diversity within individual blocks. For example, the 1895 house at 135 Clinton Street is brick with stone trim, while next door 137, built a quarter-century earlier, is a five-bay brick Italianate rowhouse with arched windows, a decorative cornice and metal sills, and nearby are older frame rowhouses with bracketed cornices next to contemporary brownstones. Despite these differences, many of the rowhouses remain alike in overall form.</p><br>
<p>The immigrant group most strongly identified with this era were Germans. At late as the early 1850s there were still very few, but more started coming as a consequence of the failed Revolutions of 1848. By the end of the Civil War the South End had many businesses and organizations catering to that population, most notably the 1857 German Evangelical Protestant Church at Alexander and Clinton streets, still a district landmark. Other immigrant groups would come to the South End, but the Germans remained concentrated there for a century.</p><br>
<h3>1851–1885: Melting pot</h3><br>
<p>Growth spilled past the citys southern boundary, into Groesbeckville, an unincorporated hamlet of the Town of Bethlehem. It went from almost no residents in 1845 to over a thousand ten years later. Its streets, too, were organized on a grid pattern, but one slightly offset from Albanys, a pattern still visible today. By the 1860s, residents of the hamlet were being listed in Albanys city directory and considered themselves socially and culturally to be part of the city. In 1870 their petition to make this a legal and political reality was accepted and the citys boundary was extended a mile (1.6 km) south, to its present location along the Normans Kill, creating the area of Albany known as the First Ward.</p><br>
<p>Irish immigrants, too, were settling in the South End. Unlike the Germans, they did not stay in the area; once they grew prosperous, they moved to those areas of the city they could then afford to live in. Even after St. Anns Church was established as the neighborhoods parish church in 1867, many of the Irish continued to worship at either the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception north of the Mansion District or St. Johns, in the Pastures. But they retained a sentimental attachment to the South End, and Daniel P. OConnell, boss of the citys Democratic political machine for most of the 20th century, worked out of his fathers tavern at Fourth and South Pearl even though he and his family, too, had moved elsewhere in the city.</p><br>
<p>In the last two decades of the century, Jews from Eastern Europe arrived in the South End. While their synagogues and other cultural institutions were located in other neighborhoods to the north, many were tradesmen who established shops on South Pearl and other streets. Development that may have been a response to that influx took place primarily to the south and west of the established blocks, in the blocks between Second and Third that had been laid out when they were still Groesbeckville, and the blocks west of Elizabeth Street. As had happened elsewhere in the city when similar areas along the bluff overlooking the river had been developed, the ravines were filled in and the streams that flowed through them diverted or buried in tunnels, a move which lessened the flooding closer to the river.</p><br>
<p>Italianate rowhouses so defined the neighborhood that the industrial building at 50 Morton Avenue, on the western corner with Elizabeth Street, had its facade along that street done to mimic five rowhouses. The actual houses built during this era, however, began to break with the Greek Revival and Italianate traditions that had marked their pre-1870s neighbors. Their cornices were less likely to be carved ornately, and their facades featured more bay and oriel windows. Decorative touches characteristic of this era can be seen in the district on South Pearl. The building at 336 has Adamesque wreaths and other classically-inspired detailing while nearby 329 has intricately textured brickwork. Several others on the street have rock-faced lintels or semi-circular attic windows.</p><br>
<h3>1886–1929: Institutions</h3><br>
<p>In 1886, following an outbreak of eye disease at an orphanage run by the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, some of the sisters and the sick children moved into the Schuyler Mansion. The order and the orphanage continued to use it for another 27 years, until the state bought it in 1913 for conversion into its present use as a historic site, which it has been since 1917. This institutional use of the district&#39;s original building heralded a new era for the South End where most new construction was not residences but larger structures meant for the general welfare.</p><br>
<p>Public School No. 17, at Second and Stephen Street, had been the South End&#39;s first such building in 1875. Its architecture echoed the Italianate rowhouses around it, with a corbelled cornice and raised basement. The next school, Public School No. 1, went up at Bassett and Franklin in 1889. It made rare use, for both the district and public school buildings, of the Moorish Revival style.</p><br>
<p>In the first decade of the new century many more large institutional buildings went up. The city built Public Bath No. 2 and Engine House No. 5 on Fourth between South Pearl and Franklin in the 1904–05 period. Across the street, St. Ann&#39;s matched it with a large convent in 1908. All these buildings showed at least the influence of the newer Colonial Revival style. Sometime during this period, the Arts and Crafts-style apartment building at 82–84 Morton went up. In 1929, the district came full circle when its youngest contributing property, the unrestrained Colonial Revival John B. Howe Branch Library, was built at the northeast corner of Clinton and Schuyler. Its design was meant to complement the Schuyler Mansion across the street.</p><br>
<p>During this era the demographics of the neighborhood continued their shifts. In the first two decades of the 20th century Italian immigrants began to make their presence felt in the South End. Other than their residence there, they had no lasting impact on the neighborhood since their community and its cultural institutions were concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany&#39;s Italian population had settled upon their arrival.</p><br>
<h3>1930–present: Preservation and renewal</h3><br>
<p>Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more suburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. No statistics have been compiled to support this, but by 1950, it was clear that the Germans were moving out.</p><br>
<p>In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. OConnell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919 to 1921. Afterwards, he became chairman of the citys Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family&#39;s tavern at Fourth and South Pearl became known as "Little City Hall."</p><br>
<p>After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the citys wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The citys response was small-scale urban renewal, and black residents displaced by the demolitions that required moved to the South End.</p><br>
<p>In 1971 OConnell, advancing in years, had his fathers old tavern at Fourth and South Pearl, long the center of city politics, demolished rather than see it bought or rented by someone else.</p><br>
<p>By the time Corning died in 1983, the neighborhood had become half African American. Residents formed a neighborhood association to lobby for their interests at City Hall. Urban decay affected the South End, and some buildings had to be demolished or abandoned. In 2007 the city demolished 43–53 Alexander Street after one of the buildings flooded. Four years later, in 2011, Habitat For Humanity proposed an ambitious project to rebuild them as a template for the revitalization of the entire neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Only one property in the district has so far been listed individually on the National Register, although it is also designated a National Historic Landmark. Among the remaining 519 buildings, 506 (or 97.5 percent of the total) are considered contributing properties. Some of them are notable within the larger context of the district.</p><br>
<h3>National Historic Landmark</h3><br>
<p>Schuyler Mansion, 32 Catherine Street. Philip Schuyler built this seven-by-four-bay Georgian mansion in what was then undeveloped woodland near the city&#39;s south boundary in 1761. He chose most of its interior finishes personally on extended trips to England. During the Revolutionary War, Schuyler had captured British general John Burgoyne and his staff as houseguests; George Washington would later pay a visit. After a period of use as an orphanage it has been a state historic site since 1917.</p><br>
<h3>Other contributing properties</h3><br>
<p>Apartment Building at 82–84 Morton Avenue: One of the few residential structures in the district built in the early 20th century, this Arts and Crafts three-story brick structure features projecting bays on either side with multipaned casement windows. The two main entrances in the center feature double doors in an arched entryway.</p><br>
<p>Building at 395 South Pearl Street: This three-story three-bay building of brick laid in Flemish bond with a projecting cornice, remodeled storefront and stone lintels dates to 1832, making it one of the few survivors from the district&#39;s pre-immigration era.</p><br>
<p>Building at 465 South Pearl Street: A historical marker out front at the Second Avenue intersection commemorates the 1885 birth of Daniel P. OConnell, boss of the citys political machine that thrived late into the 20th century, in this four-story, four-bay brick Italianate commercial-residential building that was probably built in 1875. Uncle Dan&#39;s Diner, in the ground floor, takes its name from his nickname.</p><br>
<p>Building at 80 Morton Avenue: The three-story, three-bay yellow brick structure dating to the early 20th century shows some Georgian Revival influence. Its facade features stone quoins, splayed voussoir lintels on the one-over-one double-hung sash, and a wooden bracketed cornice.</p><br>
<p>Engine Co. No. 5, 88 Fourth Avenue: This former firehouse was built in 1905 to house horse-drawn firefighting vehicles. It is an ornate two-story three-by-five-bay brick building on a sandstone foundation with stone trim. On the north (front) facade are the original hinged wooden doors. Today it is the Outreach Center for St. Johns/St. Anns across the street.</p><br>
<p>Foley Row, 159–169 Franklin Street: This row of six attached Greek Revival gabled timber frame houses, each three bays wide with brick foundations, simple wooden lintels and clapboard siding, dates to 1851. It is one of the few groups of properties in the districts built speculatively by a developer rather than the ultimate residents.</p><br>
<p>German Evangelical Protestant Church and Rectory, 76–78 Clinton Street. The spire of this 1857 Gothic Revival brick and stone church is a symbol of the South End and the early German immigrant population. To its south is the 1926 rectory, also brick, two stories high and four bays wide. Its west (front) facade features stone trim, strips of casement windows on both stories and an oblique peak along the roof parapet in which a stone cross has been set.</p><br>
<p>Jared Holt Wax Works, 111 Broad Street: A curved parapet reaching 8 ft above the roofline at its center is the decorative highlight of this brick industrial building from the last years of the 19th century. It has recently been converted into housing.</p><br>
<p>John A. Howe Branch Library, 105 Schuyler Street: The Georgian Revival style was used for this 1929 building to complement the nearby Schuyler Mansion. It is a one-story, nine-bay structure of brick in Flemish bond on a raised basement, set off by a stone water table with a projecting central entrance pavilion, narrow arched Palladian windows set with 12-over-23 double-hung sash, separated by pilasters topped by scroll-carved stones. On the roof is a stone balustrade with carved pineapple finials. Inside are many of the original oak finishings and furniture. The children&#39;s room has a fireplace with stone tiles telling the story of Rip Van Winkle.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Calvary Baptist Church, 58 Alexander Street: Built in the late 1860s, this is one of the last wood frame churches in the city of Albany. It is a two-story clapboard-sided building with a gabled roof that slopes slightly at either side of, creating broad overhanging eaves along the side elevations. On the north (front) face, it is met at the corners by slightly projecting wooden pilasters, suggesting a lingering Greek Revival influence. The lancet arched windows are complemented by a gabled front entrance porch. Atop is a small conical steeple with a wooden cross at its peak.</p><br>
<p>Mount Zion Baptist Church, 86 Schuyler Street: South End resident Charles Heidrich designed and built this Victorian Gothic structure in 1893. The brick structure has stone trim and two octagonal front turrets flanking a central bell tower, echoed by a gabled central portion on the second story with stained glass rosette window and a gabled hood over the main entrance supported by two smooth round Ionic columns on either side.</p><br>
<p>Public Bath No. 2, 90 Fourth Avenue: Adjacent to the Engine Co. 5 firehouse, it was built at the same time. It is a two-story buff brick and stone building with a pediment along the bracketed cornice over its main entrance and round-arched windows. Above the entrance is a recessed porch; inside it retains much of its original heating system and other features.</p><br>
<p>Public School No. 1, 71–77 Bassett Street: This 2-story 15-bay brick former school building, dating to 1889, uses the Moorish Revival style, one of its rare appearances in Albany. It is most evident in the recessed main entry, with a Middle Eastern-style segmented arch surrounded by glass tiles with the school sign and gate of ornate iron, considered some of the best architectural detailing in the city.</p><br>
<p>Public School No. 17, 43 Second Avenue: No longer in use, this three-story ten-by-four-bay brick structure is built into the slope at the top of Stephen Street, revealing its brownstone foundation at the north and east sides. Brick pilasters rise to the corbelled flat roof with unusual projecting round arches. Along the south facade are two gabled entrance porches whose arches have radiating stone voussoirs. When built in 1875 it was the first major institutional building in the South End.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns/St Anns Church Complex, 88 Fourth Avenue. The Gothic brick church with stone trim, a gabled side tower and an arcaded eastern porch is the oldest of these three, dating to 1867. In the decade after it, the neighboring Victorian Gothic rectory was built, probably after a fire destroyed the original one. It is brick with stone courses, recessed windows and an entrance tower with peaked roof in polychrome slate. Completing the set is the St. John&#39;s Center, also in brick with stone trim, built as a convent in 1908.</p><br>
<p>Sunrise Tavern, 48 Delaware Street. The 1930 construction date of this two-story brick commercial-residential building makes it the youngest contributing property in the district. It features a corner entry on the half-timbered storefront (now a church) with a corner entry for traffic on Elizabeth Street. The second floor of the north facade has an oriel window.</p><br>
<p>Warehouse at 50 Morton Avenue. The east facade of this industrial building, dating to 1885, was decorated to look like five Italianate rowhouses. They all have bracketed wooden cornices, ornate cast iron window and door hoods and recessed doors. The interior has its original freight elevator and open spaces.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and revitalization</h2><br>
<p>The South End&#39;s decline in the later years of the 20th century has been met with efforts to reverse it. A neighborhood association has been formed to lobby for improvements in housing and the overall quality of life. In 1978 the South End Improvement Corporation was established as a non-profit by a community housing activist to work toward similar goals by rehabilitating houses.</p><br>
<p>In the early 21st century the city and all stakeholders collaborated to create a comprehensive plan for the South End, Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods. It was released in 2007, under the name Capitol South Plan: SEGway for the Future. "SEG" stood for the plan&#39;s three steps: stabilize, energize and grow the area.</p><br>
<p>It gave a seven-year timetable for implementing the plan. The first phase, stabilization, referred to measures that could be accomplished quickly such as renovating housing, improving residents educational attainment and taking measures to reduce crime. It was expected to take two years. After that, the neighborhood would be energized by investing strategically to make it a more desirable place to live. The final stage, growth, would involve major investments. "Each of the plans recommendations build upon each other, with the foundation being what can be done within the next two years to benefit the current residents of the South End."</p><br>
<p>In 2009 the city issued a progress report. Among the accomplishments it listed were the renovations to the Howe Branch Library and revitalization projects that included 20 homes built by Habitat for Humanity Capital District, which planned to concentrate its efforts at the intersection of Stephen Street and Third Avenue. The Capital District Transportation Authority had also extended a bus route serving the South End with stops at both nearby hospitals, increasing residents&#39; access to jobs there.</p><br>
<p>A decade later, the district and other neighborhoods near it still had problems. Federal money the city had hoped to use had not been forthcoming, and one in three Black residents—in an area 67 percent Black—still lived in poverty. The area&#39;s 10.4 percent building vacancy rate was almost triple that of the city of Albany as a whole.</p><br>
<p>"This whole area was supposed to be redeveloped", Carolyn McLaughlin, a resident and former president of the city council, recalled to the Albany Times Union at the end of 2018, as she stood on the corner of Morton and South Pearl. She was particularly dismayed by the failure to turn that intersection into a public square, which would have been a "focal point" for the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>To begin that process, the city believes it should first help the South End&#39;s existing businesses and solicit investment from those who have already successfully developed and redeveloped in the area. One goal would be to bring a supermarket back to the area, considered by residents to be a food desert. A Rite Aid drugstore that offset that issue somewhat closed in October 2018 despite local protests, and a supermarket opened in the 1970s closed in less than a decade and is now a state Department of Motor Vehicles office. Albany Mayor Kathy Sheehan said it was a challenge to attract retailers to the South End since the neighborhood is not only poor but ill-suited to the kind of big-box stores that have come to dominate the sector.</p><br>
<p>Christ Lutheran Church and Parsonage, originally the German Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ellenville, is a historic Lutheran church and parsonage located at Ellenville, Ulster County, New York. The church was built in 1862 in the Greek Revival style. It was moved, enlarged, reoriented, and completely remodeled in 1903–1904 in the Gothic Revival style when moved to its present location. It is a roughly L-shaped building, with a T-shaped main block consisting of a -story, gable-roofed front block and -story gable-roofed rear block. Appended to it is a 1-story addition. It features a two-tiered, square bell tower, central front entrance flanked by blind bays, and Gothic arched stained glass windows. The parsonage is a 2-story, three-bay-wide, Greek Revival–style brick dwelling built about 1850.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. It is located in the Ellenville Downtown Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Columbia Avenue Historic District is located in the central part of the city of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The district lies north and west of Vander Veer Park. The area is entirely residential and it contains brick apartment buildings that were built between 1930 and 1939. It is one of the city&#39;s smallest districts and it is unique among the other historic districts in that it contains primarily apartment buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The historic district is quite possibly the earliest apartment complex in the city of Davenport. The city has a long history of multiple-family housing. There is at least one row house from the 1860s still in existence. The double-house, or duplex, was popular in the city throughout the 19th century and were designed in the same styles as single-family dwellings. Larger apartment blocks of three to five floors were built in and around the city center for middle and upper-middle class households around the turn of the 20th century. During the 1910s and 1920s, most residential construction in the city was devoted to single-family homes. Harrison Manor was built from 1925 to 1926. It is a 46-unit building on Harrison Street, across from Vander Veer Park. At the time it was the largest apartment building constructed in Davenport and was similar to the apartment blocks that were being built in Chicago during the same time period.</p><br>
<p>The apartment complex centered on Columbia Avenue was begun in 1930 by Mclnnes Brothers, a local contractor and developer. It is located a block northwest of Vander Veer Park. They had several buildings of the complex under construction when they went bankrupt in 1931. Otto Behrens and John F. Steffen stepped in and completed the buildings begun by Mclnnes Brothers. Archie Mclnnes reorganized the construction firm and completed the five remaining buildings in the complex.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The apartment buildings in the Columbia Avenue Historic District are made up of 19 four to six-unit apartment buildings that were built between 1930 and 1939 and two similar structures built in the 1950s. The buildings form a complex along city streets. Eight of the buildings face both sides of West Columbia Avenue, which runs through the middle of the district between Harrison and Ripley Streets. Three of the buildings flank Columbia facing Harrison. Four more building face West Hayes Street to the north, and six buildings face Ripley Street on the west.</p><br>
<p>There are several characteristics that are basic to each structure. They are all two stories with a raised basement-level unit. All of the buildings follow a rectangular plan with a symmetrical three or five-bay main facade. They are all frame construction and the exteriors are covered with polychrome tapestry brick. For the most part, the decorative detail of each building is restrained with the main entrance as the primary decorative element. Each unit has a matching brick multi-car garage that faces an alley. While all of the buildings contain the above characteristics they are each distinct in appearance from each other.</p><br>
<p>The differences in each building are largely found in their decorative detail. Some of the buildings have flat roofs with parapets and a recessed main entrance bay. Others have hipped roofs with dormers and a flat facade, or a projecting central bay that terminates in shallow gables with partial returns. The main entrances into the buildings also differ in style and shape. Some of the entrances are rectangular, while others have a round-arch or a depressed Tudor arch. The door surrounds are composed of brick, rock-faced stone, or glazed terracotta. A number of the newer buildings feature end-bay windows. The stairwell windows also differ from building to building. Some contain leaded glass and stained glass, while others have bits of mirror glass that are used in abstract designs.</p><br>
<p>The Joplin Union Depot is a historic railroad station located at Joplin, Jasper County, Missouri. The station was served by a number of railroads, two of which were the Kansas City Southern Railway and the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad. The station was completed in July 1911. On November 4, 1969, the last train, the Southern Belle visited the station, ending 58 years of constant service. After train service ended, the station slowly deteriorated.</p><br>
<p>Designed by the Canadian-born architect Louis Curtiss, the station was featured in the January 1912 edition of Popular Mechanics for its use of mining waste in the concrete.</p><br>
<p>On March 14, 1973, the station was entered into the National Register of Historic Places. It is currently unoccupied. There are currently plans to restore the depot. There have been many ideas for its use, but none have been made certain. This would tie in with the revitalization of downtown.</p><br>
<p>On October 20, 2021, the station was listed as a Place In Peril by Missouri Preservation, a statewide organization advocating for the preservation of architectural and historic landmarks.</p><br>
<p>Joplin Union Depot supporters announced on May 4, 2022, plans for a national marketing effort to find an interested party to restore and use the 110-year-old station.</p><br>
<p>The Ardis Furnace is an abandoned experimental blast furnace located at the northeast corner of Aragon and Antoine Streets  in Iron Mountain, Michigan, United States. The Ardis Furnace was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971 and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The furnace as originally built was a huge metal tube, 120 ft long and 8 ft in diameter, lined with firebrick and installed at a slight incline. The tube was held in place by a series of concrete supports of graduated height. The tube was rotated with an electric motor, and refined iron was collected at the lower end of the tube.</p><br>
<p>However, after the project was abandoned the furnace fell into disrepair, and only the ruins of the concrete supports remain.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1908, Iron Mountain resident John T. Jones built this experimental blast furnace to test the Step Furnace Process he developed to extract iron from low-grade ore. Jones named it the "Ardis Furnace" after his daughter. The furnace was intended to produce a "more nearly pure pig iron from the ore than is obtainable by the usual smelting process as practiced" with less fuel usage,</p><br>
<p>The Ardis Furnace was initially a huge success, and Jones turned down multiple million-dollar offers for his patent. Additional furnaces were built in Marquette, Michigan, and Republic, Michigan, with the belief that the on-site refining of ore would save tremendously in shipping costs.</p><br>
<p>However, after some time, problems began to surface. The firebrick lining the iron tube was unable to withstand the heat of the reaction. Jones brought in consulting engineers, and some improvements were made, but the fundamental heat problem remained unsolved. Jones poured more money into the project, but within two years had exhausted his personal fortune, losing everything, including his house. The furnace was dismantled and sold for scrap, and the project abandoned. Jones moved on to other mining projects as a consultant. Although the Ardis Furnace was unsuccessful, elements of the technology were incorporated into later operations which successfully extracted iron from low-grade ore.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1970s, plans were made to demolish the remains of the Ardis Furnace. However, the local Menominee Range Historical Foundation petitioned to save the structure, and the Hanna Mining Company bought it and presented it to the Foundation. The Ardis Furnace was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>John T. Jones</h2><br>
<p>John Tyler Jones was born on September 14, 1847, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Welsh Immigrant Thomas J. Jones and his wife Margaret Williams. At the age of 13, Jones began working with his father, and was soon a skilled mechanic and engine operator. In 1870, he moved to Sharon, Pennsylvania, and set up the Keel Ridge Furnace, Through this time, iron was becoming increasingly scarce and the quality of the ore lower. Jones experimented with several techniques, teaching himself chemistry along the way.</p><br>
<p>In 1870, Jones married Rachel Ann Milligan of Pittsburgh; the couple had nine children: Albert Graham, Elmer Williams, Carie Belle, Rachel Ann, Ruth, Arthur John, Harry, Margaret, and Leah Ardis.</p><br>
<p>In 1881, Jones moved to Michigan&#39;s Upper Peninsula and assumed management of mines there for the Kimberly Company. In 1883, he moved to Iron Mountain.</p><br>
<p>After losing his fortune in the Ardis Furnace experiment, Jones moved in with his son and worked as a mining consultant. Jones died in 1928 while visiting his sister in Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The Ezekiel Phelps House is a historic house at 38 Holcomb Street in East Granby, Connecticut. Built in 1744, it is a fine example of Georgian architecture, associated with a prominent local family. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Ezekiel Phelps House is located west of the center of East Granby, on the west side of Holcomb Street south of Ezekiel Way. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gable roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior. The front doorframe is in the Federal style, with fluted pilasters supporting an elaborated corniced entablature. The entrance way, and panelled doors were not constructed for this house, but taken from a house in Litchfield. The interior follows a typical period center chimney plan, with parlors on either side of the chimney. The kitchen behind the chimney is larger than typical, as it incorporates one of the building corners that is often set off as a separate small chamber. The interior retains many original features, including wide pine floors and strap hinges on the doors, and Federal period fireplace mantels.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1744 by Joseph Phelps for his son Ezekiel, when the area was still part of Simsbury. Phelps was the great-great grandson of William Phelps, one of the first colonists of Windsor, which was one of the first English settlements in Connecticut. While serving in the militia during the Revolutionary War, one encampment was so close to the British that Phelps is reported to have said, "Shoot Straight: shoot to kill, not maim." Ezekiel served as a lieutenant in the Simsbury militia, and held a number of minor offices in town.</p><br>
<p>The American Legion Hut-Des Arc is a historic fraternal meeting hall at 206 Erwin Street in Des Arc, Arkansas. It is a single story rectangular structure, built of saddle-notched round logs, with a side-gable roof and a foundation of brick piers. The logs are chinked with large amounts of white cement mortar. The main facade is adorned with a massive fieldstone chimney, and has two entrances, each sheltered by gable-roofed hoods. Built in 1934, it is the only local example of the WPA Rustic style.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Main Post Office in the city of New Brunswick in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States was built between 1934 and 1936. Located in the Civic Square government district, it was designed in Neo-Georgian architecture architecture by Wesley Sherwood Bessell. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 18, 1984, for its significance in architecture, art, and communications.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>This building replaced the previous post office located on Albany Street and built in 1903. The new building is built with red brick and brownstone and features Neo-Georgian architecture. The artist George Biddle created several murals depicting the American Revolutionary War in New Brunswick as part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) Federal Arts Project. They were installed in 1939.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office–Blackfoot Main, also known as Blackfoot Main Post Office, in Blackfoot, Idaho was built in 1936. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. It has Moderne architecture.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood.</p><br>
<p>The interior includes a five-panel mural titled The Arrival Celebration. It was painted in 1939 by Anthony Standing Soldier, a young Sioux Indian artist from Pine Ridge, South Dakota, for $2,000.</p><br>
<p>Pratt House is a historic home located at Elmira, Chemung County, New York. It is a large scale brick dwelling in the Italianate style. It has a cross-gable plan and features two asymmetrical towers, a projecting polygonal bay, and a stepped back, Arts and Crafts style north wing. The lower tower has a pyramidal roof and the taller tower a bell cast roof embellished with cresting. It was originally located on Union Place, but moved to its present location in 1872 when it was extensively remodeled to its present appearance. The rear wing was added in the 1920s when it was home to the Elmira Eagles Aerie 941.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Rockwells Mills Historic District is a national historic district located at Guilford in Chenango County, New York. The district includes 26 contributing buildings including approximately 20 houses with associated houses and a stone textile mill. Included is the large Italianate style Chester Rockwell Residence , historically the mill owners house, and the stone mill building. The other residences are disbursed along New York State Route 8. In 1947, the mill was converted for use as a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Viets&#39; Tavern is an 18th-century tavern on Newgate Road, directly across the street from the Old Newgate Prison State Historical Site in East Granby, Connecticut. The building was home for many years to the prison warden, who also operated it as a tavern. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Viets&#39; Tavern is located in a rural setting of northern East Granby, set close to the east side of Newgate Road opposite the former prison complex, now a state-run historic site. It is a two-story wood frame L-shaped structure, with a cross gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. The crook of the L is filled by a two-story frame addition, also with a gabled roof. Its main facade faces south, and is five bays wide. The bays are slightly asymmetrical in their placement, with the main entrance roughly at the center, framed by simple moulding. A secondary entrance is located at the north end of the four-bay street-facing facade. The interior includes several original fireplaces, as well as evidence of a ballroom space with cove ceiling on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The date of the construction of this building is not known, but there are multiple references to a tavern at this location in historical records. In 1712, Dr. John Viets was granted a license by the town of Turkey Hills (now East Granby) to "keep a house of public entertainment." His son John also had a tavernkeepers licenses, and served as warden at the prison until his death by smallpox in 1777. Luke Viets, John&#39;s son, continued to operate the tavern until 1834, and it continued to be the site of traveler accommodations into the late 19th century. The Connecticut Historical Society has a photograph of an early 19th-century sign at the location with the date 1790, although the sign was destroyed in a 1904 fire.</p><br>
<p>During the prison&#39;s active period, the tavern was popular, not only with prison officials and visitors, but also some of the convicts.</p><br>
<p>The Scott County Jail is the main detention facility for Scott County, Iowa, United States. Inmates are housed for no more than one year, by Iowa law. It is located in the county seat, Davenport, and is part of same facility as the Scott County Courthouse.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The oldest section of the jail was completed in 1897, but its opening was delayed until its metal jail cells were completed the following year. It was designed by prominent Davenport architect Frederick G. Clausen in the Italianate style. The style, which was popular in the late Victorian Era can be found in the limestones rusticated finish on the lower stories and then rising to a smooth finish at the attic level. Other elements include the smaller scale, round-arched windows across the third-floor, the wide eaves and the tower on the buildings north side. A tunnel connected the jail to the courthouse that faced West Fourth Street. The main entrance was moved from West Fifth Street to Ripley Street when the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad tracks were elevated in 1903. The building was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. In 2020 it was included as a contributing property in the Davenport Downtown Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
<p>An annex was added to the jail in 1983 to alleviate crowding. It was built between the jail and the courthouse, and connected the two buildings. The jail became too small again, and in 1999 the inmate capacity was capped at 214. In 2004 a bond referendum was passed by county voters to expand the size of the jail. The $29.7 million expansion was opened in 2007. A new entrance pavilion that provides security screening to the entire complex was added at the same time. An annex that was opened on the north side of Davenport to house inmates was closed when the main jail was enlarged.</p><br>
<p>The 2007 addition is a four-story structure, and faces south on West Fourth Street in Downtown Davenport. The 75,000 ft&sup2; jail has a capacity of 354 inmates.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office and Customhouse in Gulfport, Mississippi is a historic post office and customhouse that was completed in 1910 under supervision of the USA Treasury Department, with James Knox Taylor as Supervising Architect. One of the oldest public or commercial structures in the city, it also has been known as Downtown Station and as Old Main Post Office. In 1963 a one-story extension to the rear was added.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Its NRHP nomination asserted "It is a beautifully proportioned building with elegant and tasteful embellishments and is significant as one of the finest examples of</p><br>
<p>Second Renaissance Revival architecture in Mississippi."</p><br>
<p>The Lower Swedish Cabin is a historic Swedish-style log cabin which is located on Creek Road in the Drexel Hill section of Upper Darby, Pennsylvania, along Darby Creek. The cabin may be one of the oldest log cabins in the United States and is one of the last cabins built by the Swedish settlers that remains intact.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was likely built sometime between 1640 and 1650 by Swedish/Finnish immigrants who were part of the New Sweden colony. During the early 1900s, film pioneer Siegmund Lubin filmed several movies at the site. Despite this being disputed, several local residents have evidence of being used as extras. The filming became such a distraction to the workers of the nearby mill, that the owner filed for an injunction to prevent Lubin filming during work hours.</p><br>
<p>The house served as a private residence until 1937, when it was recorded by the Historic American Buildings Survey. In 1941, the cabin became the property of the township of Upper Darby.</p><br>
<p>Afterwards, it was offered to local Girl Scouts who used it as a campsite for several years. Then, a series of Township-appointed tenants lived there until 1964. A partial attempt to fix-up the house was done for the Bicentennial in 1976. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>A full historical restoration and archeological excavation were completed in 1989. The site is now cared for by the Friends of the Swedish Cabin.</p><br>
<p>It may be visited from April through October, on Sundays from 1 - 4 pm. Admission is free. Donations are accepted.</p><br>
<p>The Old USA Customshouse and Post Office at 300 West Liberty Street in Louisville, Kentucky was built in 1853. It served historically as a federal district court, custom house, and post office. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Warehouse</h2><br>
<p>The Fireproof Storage Company Warehouse is a 1907 Beaux Arts style warehouse designed by Arthur Loomis. It is also known as the Chamber of Commerce Building and as the 310 Building.</p><br>
<p>The National Register listing was expanded in 1980 to include the warehouse. The combined listing, Old USA Customshouse and Post Office and Fireproof Storage Company Warehouse, covers 300-314 West Liberty Street.</p><br>
<p>The Kintersburg Covered Bridge is a covered bridge spanning Crooked Creek in Rayne Township, Indiana County, Pennsylvania, United States.</p><br>
<p>It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1877, this 62 ft historic structure is one of only four covered bridges in Indiana County, and is the only one with a Howe truss design, a style that was rarely used for covered bridges.</p><br>
<p>The Kintersburg Bridge, in fact, is one of only five covered bridges in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania with that design; the other four are the McConnells Mill Covered Bridge in Lawrence County, Means Ford Covered Bridge in Bucks County, St. Mary&#39;s Covered Bridge in Huntingdon County, and the Thomas Mill Covered Bridge in Philadelphia County.</p><br>
<p>Because of its Howe design, the bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Chenango Canal Prism and Lock 107 is a national historic district located at Chenango Forks in Broome County, New York, United States. The district includes four contributing structures. They are the guard lock and dam constructed between 1834 and 1836 for navigation as part of the Chenango Canal. The district also includes the canal prism and adjacent tow path at Lock 107.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Alice T. Miner Museum, also known as Alice T. Miner Colonial Collection, is located at Chazy in Clinton County, New York on the Adirondack Coast. Opened in 1924, the museum was created by Alice T. Miner, a pioneer in the colonial revival movement and wife of William H. Miner, railroad industrialist.</p><br>
<p>The museum has 15 rooms filled with period furniture, miniature furniture, a vast china collection, porcelain and glass, a superb collection of early samplers and other textiles, War of 1812 muskets, Revolutionary War cannonballs, dolls and other early Americana.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Taylor Center Methodist Episcopal Church and Taylor District No. 3 School is a historic Methodist Episcopal church and former one-room school located at Taylor Center in Cortland County, New York, United States. The church, also known as Second Methodist Episcopal Church of Taylor, the Solon Pond Church, and the Christian Community Church of Solon Pond, was constructed about 1870. It is a one-story, white clapboard building measuring 30 feet by 40 feet. It has a gable roof and small wing. The interior is laid out in the Akron Plan style. The school is included in the nomination to the register, but it is non-contributing.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Erskine L. Seeley House is a historic home located at Stamford in Delaware County, New York. It was built about 1890 and is a -story, balloon frame house clad in wood clapboard siding on a bluestone foundation. The front facade features a 2-story, three-sided, canted bay window under a large projecting gable. Also on the property is a small carriage house converted to a garage in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office and Courthouse-Aberdeen, in Aberdeen, South Dakota, was built in 1936 with Art Deco features. It is a steel-framed four-story rectangular building, 67 ft tall on a 150 ft by 64 ft base, with a one-story 100 ft by 64 ft extension .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. It served historically as a government office building, as a post office, and as a courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The Chittenden County Superior Courthouse, formerly the USA Post Office and Custom House, is a historic government building at 175 Main Street in downtown Burlington, Vermont, United States. It was built in 1906 and was designed by James Knox Taylor in the Beaux-Arts style. Known in the 1970s as the Smith-Goldberg USA Army Reserve Center, it served historically as a custom house and post office. It currently houses the Chittenden County Superior Court, after the previous county courthouse burned down in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Chittenden County Superior Courthouse stands in downtown Burlington, at the southeast corner of Church and Main Streets. It is a large three-story masonry structure, its exterior finished in marble and dressed granite. The principal facade faces Main Street, and is five bays wide. The ground floor appears as a basement level, with large blocks of marble in horizontal bands and stylized arching over the window openings. The second and third floors, which are in a U shape opening to the south, have windows (tall on the second floor, short on the third) articulated by paired Ionic columns. The building is crowned by an entablature, dentillated cornice, and low balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The federal government built this facility in 1906, which is one of the state&#39;s finest examples of Beaux-Arts architecture. Until 1972 it served as a post office, custom house and federal courthouse. From 1963 until 1972 as the Smith-Goldberg Army Reserve Center) and remained in the Federal inventory. In 1972 The Treasury Department declared the building surplus, and it was acquired by in 1974 by Chittenden County. It presently houses the Chittenden County Superior Court and other judicial functions.</p><br>
<p>The Ackerman House is a historic stone house located at 252 Lincoln Avenue in the village of Ridgewood in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 10, 1983, for its significance in architecture. It was listed as part of the Early Stone Houses of Bergen County Multiple Property Submission .</p><br>
<p>The house was likely built around 1810 by a member of the Ackerman family, possibly John D. Ackerman or David Ackerman. The one and one-half story house features a gambrel roof.</p><br>
<p>The Garret Augustus Ackerman House is located at 212 East Saddle River Road in the borough of Saddle River in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. The historic house was built in 1832 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 29, 1986, for its significance in architecture. It was listed as part of the Saddle River Multiple Property Submission . The house was demolished in the late 1980s.</p><br>
